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chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)

A

French King
Converted to Catholicism to solidify his power
Demonstrated the willingness of monarchs to think like the politiques
Sanctioned religious toleration of the Huguenots, French Calvinists
Increasing emphasis on national sovereignty

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2
Q

Henry VIII

A

King of England
Last of the three major figures of the Reformation
Wanted a male heir to succeed him so he asked the pope to annul his marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn–> pope said no so Henry, with the approval of the English Parliament, made himself the head of the Anglican Church (free of control by the pope in Rome)

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2
Q

Henry VIII

A

King of England
Last of the three major figures of the Reformation
Wanted a male heir to succeed him so he asked the pope to annul his marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn–> pope said no so Henry, with the approval of the English Parliament, made himself the head of the Anglican Church (free of control by the pope in Rome)

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3
Q

Anne Boleyn

A

Married Henry VIII
Mother of Elizabeth I who would later rule

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4
Q

Charles V, Holy Roman Empire

A

Nephew of Henry’s previous wife
Abdicated as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire in 1555, discouraged by his inability to stop the spread of Lutheranism

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5
Q

Philip II

A

Son of Charles V
Took the Catholic crusade to the Netherlands and ruled its 17 provinces
Later tried to conquer and convert England, but in 1588, English naval power, aided by bad weather, defeated his Spanish Armada

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6
Q

Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand

A

New monarchs in Spain
Moved to curb the private armies of the nobility
Bureaucracies increased and the power of the middle class grew at the expense of lords and the churches

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7
Q

James I

A

Stuart King in England
Wrote The True Law of Free Monarchy, asserting that the monarch was free to make laws

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8
Q

Charles I

A

Signed the Petition of Rights but proceeded to ignore it and did not call a meeting of Parliament for 11 years
By 1642, he was at war with Parliament which lost him his throne and head

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9
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

Leader of Parliament alongside his son Richard Cromwell
Was in ascendancy during much of the Civil War but a compromise was reached in 1660 to allow for the return of the monarch

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10
Q

Charles II

A

Had been in exile in France, became the new Stuart King

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11
Q

James II

A

Son of Charles II
Succeeded his father and completely broke off with Parliament
Many feared that James II would convert to Catholicism and force the country to follow, so a group of lords invited William and Mary (Protestant Monarchs) to become joint rulers in England—> led to Glorious Revolution and James II fled the country

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12
Q

William and Mary

A

Protestant monarchs of the Netherlands
Became joint rulers in England which resulted in the Glorious Revolution
Signed the English Bill of Rights which assured individual civil liberties

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13
Q

Jean Bodin

A

Advisor to Henry IV
advocated the divine right of the monarchy

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14
Q

Cardinal Richelieu

A

Louis XIV’s minister
moved to even greater centralization of government and the development of the system of intendants

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15
Q

Louis XIV (“Sun King”)

A

Strongly espoused the theory of divine right and ruled as a virtual dictator
Wanted to hold absolute power and expand French borders –> Led to the build of the Palace of Versailles

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16
Q

Prince Henry the Navigator

A

First in a series of European royalty to sponsor seafaring expeditions, searching for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold

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17
Q

Politiques

A

moderates who approached ruling with practicality rather than theology

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18
Q

Spanish Armada

A

Led under Philip II
Defeated by the English due to weather

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19
Q

Schmalkadic League

A

German Lutheran
Was fought against by Charles V
Led to the Peace of Augsburg

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20
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

Allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler, and therefore all of its churches and inhabitants, would be Catholic or Lutheran

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21
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Issued by Henry IV
Allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith
Provided religious toleration in France for the next 87 years

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22
Q

Thirty Years’ War

A

Final great religious war between Catholics and Protestants
Led to economic catastrophe
Resulted in widespread famine, starvation, and disease

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23
Q

Peace of Westphalia

A

Allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of the three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism

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24
Q

new monarchies

A

Developed in Europe as a result of the desire of certain leaders to centralize power by controlling taxes, the army, and many aspects of religion

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25
Q

new monarchies

A

Developed in Europe as a result of the desire of certain leaders to centralize power by controlling taxes, the army, and many aspects of religion

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26
Q

English Civil War

A

Sometimes called the Puritan Revolution
Broke out between supporters of the Stuart monarchy and supporters of the monarchy, many of whom were Puritans
The dispute was mainly over what powers Parliament should have in relation to those of the monarch (roots of the conflict could be traced back to the Magna Carta and the foundation of the English Parliament)

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27
Q

Puritan Revolution

A

Also known as the English Civil War

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28
Q

Petition of Right

A

Restated the proposition that the monarch could not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent, imprison persons without charge, or quarter soldiers in a private home without permission
Signed by Charles I but not followed

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29
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

James II fled the country after William and Mary came

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30
Q

Toleration Act of 1689

A

Granted freedom of worship to non-Anglicans
The law said that the English monarch had to be Anglican since he or she would be head of the Church of England

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31
Q

divine right of monarchy

A

The claim that the right to rule was given to a king by God

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32
Q

intendants

A

royal officials sent out to the provinces to execute the orders of the central government

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33
Q

Versailles

A

The elegant palace was used as a political instrument where Louis XIV entertained nobles and kept them from conducting business elsewhere, such as fomenting rebellions in their home provinces

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34
Q

War of the Spanish Succession

A

Louis XIV gained the throne of Spain for the Bourbon family, thereby precipitating the War of the Spanish Succession

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35
Q

Peace of Utrecht

A

Stipulated that the same person could not hold the thrones of France and Spain simultaneously

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36
Q

maritime empires

A

Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland established maritime empires, ones based on sea travel.

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37
Q

Great Peace of Montreal

A

Iroquois and French signed this peace treat in 1701
This alliance would lead in time to the hostilities of the French and Indian War

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38
Q

sepoys

A

European-trained Indian private forces
Helped the East India Company move inland

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39
Q

Huguenots

A

French Calvinists
Gained religious tolerance from Henry IV

40
Q

Cluniac Reforms

A

Church councils and reform movements to curb corruption

41
Q

Lollards (John Wycliffe)

A

Believed that priests were unnecessary for salvation
Wycliffe was even vilified for translating parts of the bible to English vernacular

42
Q

Hussites (Jan Hus)

A

Bohemia
Declared heretics for beliefs similar to Wycliffe’s
Jan Hus was burned at the stake

43
Q

Huldrych Zwingli

A

Campaigned for religion that would follow the exact teachings of the scriptures
Opposed to celibacy of the clergy because the rule was imposed long after the scriptures were written

44
Q

Martin Luther

A

German monk
Concluded that church practices violated biblical teachings
Opposed the sale of indulgences and simony

45
Q

95 Theses

A

Martin Luther challenges the Church by nailing his charges to a church door
Church reacted harshly because they needed the money these practices generated

46
Q

indulgences

A

granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin

47
Q

simony

A

the selling of church offices

48
Q

John Calvin

A

French theologian
Broke with the Church
Authored the Institutes of Christian Religion and helped reform the religious community in Geneva, Switzerland

49
Q

the elect

A

Those predestined to go to heaven
Ran the community, which was based around plain living, simple church buildings, and governance by the elders of the church

50
Q

predestined

A

The elect were predestined (fate) to go to heaven

51
Q

Reformed Church of Scotland

A

Offshoot of Calvinism
Led by John Knox and the Puritans in England and later Boston

52
Q

Puritans

A

Wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants

53
Q

Anglican Church

A

One that would be free of control by the pope in Rome

54
Q

Counter-Reformation

A

Fight against protestant attacks
Three-pronged strategy

55
Q

Inquisition

A

Root out and punish nonbelievers
Sometimes allowed the use of torture to achieve its ends

56
Q

Jesuits

A

Also known as the Society of Jesus
Religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Undertook missionary activity in Europe and abroad

57
Q

Council of Trent

A

Corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals such as marriage and other sacraments improving the education of priests
Published the Index of Prohibited Books

58
Q

Index of Prohibited Books

A

Writing that the Church considered dangerous to one’s faith if read

59
Q

Leonardo da Vinci

A

Painter of the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa
Born in 1452

60
Q

Michelangelo

A

Painter of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome and sculptor of the David
Born in 1475

61
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

In the Leviathan, he feared a weak government
Emphasized the need for a government that was strong enough to protect people from each other

62
Q

John Locke

A

In Two Treatises of Government, he feared excessive government
He emphasized the need for a government with enough restraints on it to protect people from tyranny

63
Q

social contract

A

an agreement under which people gave up some of their rights in exchange for the benefits of living in a community under the protection of a government

64
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Developed an early scientific method called empiricism

65
Q

empiricism

A

insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis

66
Q

Royal Academy of Science

A

Established in France and England
Helped science excel

67
Q

Sir Isaac Newton

A

Combined Galileo’s laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kelper’s laws of planetary motion
Published a work on gravitational force called Principia

68
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

Laws of planetary motion

69
Q

Galileo

A

Laws of terrestrial motion

70
Q

Scholasticism

A

Left aside
Old theological debate that connected the relationship of faith to reason

71
Q

philosophies

A

Writers outside the scientific community who popularized some Enlightenment ideals
Worked to apply the principles of government to society

72
Q

Five Great Farms

A

Colbert sought to make French manufactured goods more competitive by creating the Five Great Farms
an area free from internal taxes

73
Q

Bank of Amsterdam

A

The Dutch had a stock exchange as early as 1602 and by 1609 the Bank of Amsterdam traded currency internationally

74
Q

joint-stock companies

A

Owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them
Aided the rise of this extended global economy

75
Q

mercantilism

A

Called for heavy government involvement in the economy
Maximize the amount of gold and silver coming into the country and to buy as few as possible from other countries to minimize the flow of precious metals out of the country

76
Q

capital

A

material wealth available to produce more wealth

77
Q

cottage industries

A

practice of “putting out”
Some entrepreneurs, to partly escape guild regulations, took cloth to rural households for local women to make into garments

78
Q

Adam Smith

A

Influenced by the new Enlightenment thinking and belonging to a group of economists called physiocrats, turned against mercantilism
In the Wealth of Nations, he challenged the mercantilist belief that a nation’s wealth should be measured by its accumulation of amount of gold and silver

79
Q

physiocrats

A

group of economists that Adam Smith was a part of

80
Q

The Wealth of Nations

A

By Adam Smith
Challenged the mercantilist belief that a nation’s wealth should be measured by its accumulation of the amount of gold and silver.
Smith argued that freer trade and greater trust in the laws of supply and demand would make everyone wealthier
He believed that allowing people to follow their self-interest, with some limits, would enable the market to regulate itself as if guided by an “invisible hand”

81
Q

Laws of supply and demand

A

theory that prices are determined by the relationship between supply and demand.

82
Q

Commerical Revolution

A

Saw the transformation of commerce from local, small-scale trading mostly based on barter to large-scale international trade using gold and silver

83
Q

Price Revolution

A

High rate of inflation or general rise in prices

84
Q

East India Company

A

The Dutch, English, and French all developed joint-stock companies in the 17th century including the British East India Company in 1600 and the Dutch East India Company in 1602

85
Q

Manila

A

Became a Spanish commercial center in. the area, attracting Chinese merchants and others

86
Q

factors

A

As commercial treaties were concluded with the local authorities, the factors, or governors, for the British East India Company trained Indians as helpers

87
Q

Thomas “Diamond” Pitt

A

Provides an example of how some were able to advance themselves in the new global economy
Read page 14 for details on his story

88
Q

financial bubbles

A

Speculative financial schemes
The schemes were based on the sale of shares to investors who were promised a certain return on their investment

89
Q

South Sea Bubble

A

In Britain, the crisis was called the South Sea Bubble, after the company that issued the shares
The British financial system was robust enough to absorb the shock of the crash and to avoid long-term economic impact

90
Q

Mississippi Bubble

A

In France
French financial system could not absorb the losses and the country found itself unable to get credit from Europe’s major banking families

91
Q

Third Estate

A

France suffered socially from the inability to of the growing Third Estate, compromised of the vast majority of France’s population, to gain representation in the government.
The members of this Third Estate remained legally subordinate to the clergy and nobles

92
Q

primogeniture laws

A

gave all estate to eldest son

93
Q

Omani-European rivalry

A

Europeans in the Indian Ocean competed with Middle Eastern traders from Oman and other kingdoms in the Omani-European rivalry

94
Q

cartography

A

mapmaking
Aided the European seafarers

95
Q

Bartholomew Diaz

A

Sailed around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope

96
Q

Vasco Da Gama

A

Sailed farther east, landing in India in 1498, where he claimed territory as a part of Portugal’s empire

97
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

Died on voyage in the Philippine Islands in 1522, but one of the ships in his fleet made it all around the world, proving definitively that the earth was round and could be circumnavigated

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