CHAPTER 15

Question 1

Isomers

Answer 1

same molecular formular, but different structures.

Question 2

Types of Isomers

Answer 2

Constitutional & Stereoisomers

Question 3

Constitutional Isomers

Answer 3

attachment of atoms are different.

Question 4

Stereoisomers

Answer 4

attachment of atoms are the same, but spatial arrangment are different.

Question 5

Types of Stereoisomers

Answer 5

Enantiomers & Diastereoisomers

Question 6

Enantiomers

Answer 6

mirror images (D and L).

Question 7

Diastereoisomers

Answer 7

not mirror images.

Question 8

Types of Diastereoisomers

Answer 8

Epimers & Anomers

Question 9

Epimers

Answer 9

differ at one carbon atoms.

Question 10

Anomers

Answer 10

differ at the carbon atom formed on ring closure (alpha and beta).

Question 11

Thermodynamics: First Law

Answer 11

energy cannot be created or destroyed.
enerrgy is converted from one form to another.

Question 12

Thermodynamics: Second Law

Answer 12

the total entropy (disorder) of a system plus that of its surounding always increases.

Question 13

The net charge of ATP?

Answer 13

4

Question 14

The net charge of ADP?

Answer 14

3

Question 15

The net charge of AMP?

Answer 15

2

Question 16

Reaction: ATP + H2O to ADP + Pi

Answer 16

-30.5 kJ/mol is released.

Question 17

Phosphate Hydrolysis: SMALLER value indicates..

Answer 17

LOW energy compound

Question 17

Phosphate Hydrolysis: LARGER value indicates…

Answer 17

HIGH energy compund

Question 18

The three compunds with higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP?

Answer 18

1. PEP
2. 1,3-BPG
3. Creatine Phosphate

Question 19

+ 𝜟G°′

Answer 19

Endergonic

Question 20

-𝜟G°′

Answer 20

Exergonic

Question 21

A reaction will proceed in the forward or
backward direction at standard conditions (initial 1M concentrations).

Answer 21

ΔGo’

Question 22

A reaction can or cannot occur spontaneously, or whether the system is at equilibrium for ANY starting concentrations!

Answer 22

ΔG’

Question 23

ΔG’ < 0 reaction occur spontaneously from A, B to C.

Answer 23

Foward rxn

Question 24

ΔG’ > 0 reaction occur spontaneously from C, D to A, B.

Answer 24

Backwards rxn

Question 25

ΔG’ = 0 reaction is at equilibrium.

Answer 25

No change in concentrations.

Question 26

Keq’ << 1

Answer 26

Reaction A to B will not occur.

Question 27

Keq’ >> 1

Answer 27

Reaction A to B will occur.

Question 28

Stages of Catabolism: Stage 1

Answer 28

- Fats is broken down to fatty acids and glycerol. - Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose and other sugars. - Proteins are broken down to amino acids.

Question 29

Stages of Catabolism: Stage 2

Answer 29

Small molecules are degraded into simpler units that are used for glycolysis and beta-oxidation of fatty acids.

Question 30

Stages of Catabolism: Stage 3

Answer 30

- ATP produced from the energy released by oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2 via citric acid cycle. - Electrons released go the elctron transport chain, transferred to O2 (ATP synthesis).

Question 31

Glycogen to G-6-P

Answer 31

breakdown of glycogen.

Question 32

G-6-P

Answer 32

synthesis of glycogen.

Question 33

G-6-P to Pyruvate

Answer 33

glycolysis

Question 34

Pyruvate to G-6-P

Answer 34

gluconeogensis

Question 35

The three ways to make acetyl CoA.

Answer 35

- amino acids - pyruvate - lactate