Chapter 15-16

Question 1

data coding

Answer 1

assigning a number to the participants responses so they can be entered into a database

Question 2

data entry

Answer 2

after responses have been coded, they can be entered into a data base. raw data can be entered through any software program

Question 3

an example of an illogical response is…

Answer 3

an outlier response

Question 4

inconsistent responses

Answer 4

are responses that are not in harmony with other information

Question 5

illegal codes

Answer 5

are values that are not specified in the coding instructions

Question 6

missing data may occur because…

Answer 6

• the respondent did not answer the question
• did not know the answer
• were not willing to answer the question

Question 7

transforming data

Answer 7

the process of changing the original numerical representation of a quantitative value to another value

Question 8

frequencies

Answer 8

refer to the number of times various subcategories of a certain phenomenon occur

Question 9

reliability

Answer 9

established by testing for both consistency and stability

Question 10

consistency

Answer 10

indicates how well the items measuring a construct hang together as a set

Question 11

Cronbachs alpha

Answer 11

a reliability coefficient that indicates how well the items in a set are positively correlated with one another

the closer alpha is to 1, the higher the internal consistency reliability

Question 12

split half reliability

Answer 12

the correlation between two halves of a set of items

Question 13

stability

Answer 13

assessed through parallel form reliability and test- retest reliability

Question 14

parallel form

Answer 14

when there is a high correlation between two similar forms of measure

Question 15

test-retest

Answer 15

correlation between the same test administered at different time points

Question 16

what are the 3 types of validity

Answer 16

1. criterion related validity
2. convergent validity
3. discriminant validity

Question 17

criterion related validity

Answer 17

can be established by testing for the power of the measure to differentiate individuals who are known to be different

Question 18

convergent validity

Answer 18

can be established when there is a high degree of correlation between two differnt sources responding to the same measure

Question 19

discriminant validity

Answer 19

can be established when two distinctly different concepts are not correlated with each otehr (eg. courage and honesty)

Question 20

Type I error (alpha)

Answer 20

the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true

Question 21

Type II error (beta)

Answer 21

the probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis given that the alternative hypothesis is actually true

Question 22

Statistical Power (1-beta)

Answer 22

the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis

Question 23

statistical power depends on:

Answer 23

-alpha. if alpha moves closer to zero then the probability of finding on effect when there is an effect decreases

the lower the alpha, the lower the power; vice versa

• effect size: the size of a difference or the strength of a relationship in the population
• sample size

Question 24

one sample t-test (one single mean)

Answer 24

statistical technique that is used to test the mean of a population from which a sample is drawn is equal to a comparison standard

Question 25

paired samples t-test (two related means)

Answer 25

examines differences in the same group before and after a treatment

Question 26

independent samples t-test (two unrelated means)

Answer 26

is done to see if there are any significant differences in the means for two groups on the variable of interest

Question 27

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Answer 27

helps to examine the significant mean differences among more than two groups of an internal or ratio-scaled dependent variable

Question 28

Regression Analysis

Answer 28

simple regression: analysis is used in a situation where one continuous independent variable is hypothesized to affect on continuous dependent variable

Question 29

multiple regression analysis

Answer 29

we use more than one (continuous or categorical) independent variable to explain variance in (continuous) dependent variable