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BMS 612 Exam 3 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Glycogen serves as the

A

main storage form of glucose in animals esp live and muscle

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2
Q

Purpose of glycogen in muscle

A

provides an immediate source of glucose for quick energy during physical activity

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3
Q

Purpos eof glycogen in the liver

A

acts as a reservoir to regulate blood glucose levels, releasing into bloodstream when necessary

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4
Q

Glycoggen structure

A

highly branched polymer made up glucose moleucles with branch points allowing it to release glucose rapidly from mutiple points

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4
Q

Beta granules

A

smaller glycogen particules found in the muscle cells

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4
Q

purpos beta granules

A

quick energy release

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4
Q

B granulues shape

A

arranged in chains

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5
Q

how many non reducing ends are there in beta granules?

A

2,000 non reducing ends per beta molecules

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6
Q

Alpha granules structure

A

larger clusters in liver that conisist of mutiple beta granules.

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7
Q

Purpose of Alpha granules

A

absent after 24 hrs
provide a slower but sustained release of cluose to maintain blood sugar

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8
Q

which granule is easier for enzymes?

A

Beta bc they are in free form alpha granules have embedded enzymes making it harder to bind

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9
Q

Gylcogen dimer

A

serves as a primer for glycogen synthesis

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10
Q

1-4 link

A
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11
Q

1-6 link

A
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12
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

break down of glycogen

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13
Q

Glycogenesis

A

glycogen building

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14
Q

glycogen phosphorylase

A

catalyzes glycogen breakdown

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15
Q

how do glycogen phossphorlyase aid in glycogen breakdown?

A

proteolytic cleavage or cuts glycogen chains by adding a phsophate

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16
Q

where does the glycogen phosphorylase work?

A

non reducing end

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17
Q

What’s required for the glycogen phosphorylase? [cofactor]

A

pyridoxial phosphate

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18
Q

Role of pyridoxial phosphate

A

speds up reaction by making it easier for the phosphate from IP to break down bonds in glycogen

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19
Q

repeattive

A
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20
Q

When glycogen is brokden down it rleeases a form of glucose called

A

glucose 1-phosphate

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21
Q

Purpose of phosphoglucomutase

A

convert glucose 1- phosphate to glucose 6 phosohate group

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22
Fate of G6P in liver
G6P can further be converted to regular glucose whihc then enters the bloodsteeam to help maintain blood sugar levels
23
Fate of G6P in skeletal muscle
G6P will be used in glycolysis
24
Sugar nucleotide UDP glucose
25
What are sugar nucleotides
modified forms of sugars where a secific anomeric carbon is activtaed
26
hOW DO SUGAR NUCLEOTIDES SUCHAS udp ACTIVATE
ATTACHMENT OF A NUCLEOTIDE TO A SUGAR VIA a phosphate linkage
27
Purpose of UDP Glucose
main form of glucose used to build glyocgenn
28
What does it mean by UDP tag
29
Why is UDP good for synthesis purposes?
Irreversible function - UDP glucose doesnt easily reverse nucleotide moetit efficent leaving group taggin function
30
What drives the formation of UDP-glucose?
the removsl of a by product PPI or phyrophosphate which release a alarge amount of energy.
31
What's the energy releease for UDP formation
-19.2kj/mol pushes reacin forward strongly
32
What are the main sources of glucose 6-phosphate>?
Hexokinase - converts glucose in blood to g6p Liver conversion from lactate
33
What facilitates thr conversion of glucose 6 phosphate to glucose 1phosphate
Phosphoglucomutase
34
Why is g6p converted to g1p?
to become apart of udp glucose
35
udp glucose phos
36
glyogen syn
adds glucose units one by one to the non reducing end of the growing glyocgen chain using UDP glucose
37
Branching Enzyme
creates branches by breaking off a small glucose chain from the main chain and attaching it to a different point
38
Why does branching enzymes move branches?
allows for faster breakdownlater as it creates more point which glucose can be released
39
Whats the end result after rbanching enzymes are complete?
a highly branched efficent glycogen molecule ready for quick release
40
What is required for glycogen synthesis?
primer or gylcogenin
41
What is Glycogenin
42
1st reaction in glycogenin mechanism
Glycogenin attaches the 1st glucose molecule to tyrosine o glycosidicic linkage autocatalytic reaction
43
The first reaction in glycogenin mechanism is considered autocatalytics meaning?
glycogenin adds glucose to itself
44
2nd reaction in glycogenin mechanism
glycogenin then adds around 7 more flucose from udp glucose forming a shorter starer chain
45
what occurs after the short chain is in place?
enzymes can continue building and branching glycogen
46
Phosphorylase a
catalytically active form ready to break down glycogen
47
phosphorylase b
LESS active and predominates in resting muscle
48
catalytic anbolic vs
49
when is phsophorylayze activates?
high levels of glycogen ?
50
Skeletal muscles have no receptors for
glucagon
51
Phosphorylase b is converted to phosphorylase a to become active via
Phosohorylation of phosphroylaze b
52
Wha triggers the phosphorlyation of phosphorylase b
hormones
53
What hormone triggers phosphorylation of phoyslayes b in the muscle?
Epinephrine
54
What hormone triggers phosphorylation of phoyslayes b in the liver?
glucagon
55
glucagon vs epinephrine
catabolic vs fight or flight
56
When is epineohrine released?
in muscles during virgous muscle activity
57
when are amp levels high?
during high muscle acitity
58
AMP activation
AMP binds to phosphorylase b in muscle cells actviating during low energy states
59
ATP inhibition
high atp lvels block amp binding slowing glycogen
60
What does glucagon and epinephrine act upon?
Gsalpha ?
61
What do elevated cAMP initates?
an enzyme cascade
62
Enzyme cascade
domino effect on catalyst
63
A rise in camp activates Pka which will..
phosphorylates phosphorlyase b kinase
64
Purpose of phosphorylase b kinase
cataylzes the phsophorylation of glycogen phosphroylase b
65
What is CA 2+ a signal for
muscle contraction
66
CA 2+ binds to and activates
Phosphorylase b kinase
67
AMP Accumulation
during intense activity amp levels rise signaling low energy and activating phsphorylase kinase
68
Phosphorlayse kinase in turn activates
gylcogen phosphorylase, promoting glycogen breakdown fro energy
69
Phosphoprotein phosphate 1 PP1
REMOVES PHOSPHATE GROUPS DEACTIVATING PHOSPHORYLASE A BACK TO phosphorylase
70
How do phosphoprotein phosphate effect glycogen breakdown process?
slows it down
71
Explain the allsoteric control in liver enzymes
72
What happens in liver senses glucose levels
73
glycogen synthase a
unphosphorylated and catalytically active
74
glycogen synthase b
phosphorylated and inactive unless G6P is present
75
GSK3
CATALYZES THE PHSORYLATION OF GLYCOGEN Synthase a
76
What does insulin activate and inactivated?
Inactivate - GSK3 Activates - PP1
77
How does G6P acts allosterically with glycogen synthase b
to be a better substrate for PP1
78
What does GSK3 require prior to target glycogen synthase?
prior phosphorylation by casein kinase 2
79
Role of GSK3
80
gsk3 cannot phosphorylate glycogen synthase until
casein kinase 2 CKII has phosphorylated the glycogen synthase on a nearby reisude [a priming event]
81
insulin
82
insulin
83
Glycogen targeting proteins
act as scaffolds bringing together enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism
84
What do glycogen targeting proteins coordinate?
glycogen synthase phosohorylase PP1 allowing for efficent regulation in reponse to hormone leels
85
Insulin activates and inactiates hwat in the liver
86

BMS 612 Exam 3 (6 decks)

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