chapter 15 Flashcards
(280 cards)
1
Q
What is a Bone Process?
A
Enlarged areas that extend out from bones and serve as attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
2
Q
Define Bone head.
A
Rounded end of a bone.
3
Q
What is a Condyle?
A
Rounded knuckle-like process at the end of a bone.
4
Q
What is an Epicondyle?
A
Small rounded process above the condyle.
5
Q
What are Trochanters?
A
Large and small processes for tendon attachments on the femur.
6
Q
Define Tuberosity.
A
Round elevation where tendons and muscles attach on the humerus, calcaneus, and pelvis.
7
Q
What is a Fissure?
A
Narrow groove or slit-like opening.
8
Q
What does Foramen refer to?
A
Opening for blood vessels and nerves.
9
Q
Define Fossa.
A
Shallow cavity in or on a bone.
10
Q
What is a Sinus in bone anatomy?
A
Hollow cavity within bone.
11
Q
Where is the Ethmoid bone located?
A
Supports nasal cavity and eye sockets.
12
Q
What is the common name for the Acetabulum?
A
Hip socket.
13
Q
What is the common name for the Calcaneus?
A
Heel bone.
14
Q
What is the common name for the Clavicle?
A
Collar bone.
15
Q
What is the common name for the Coccyx?
A
Tail bone.
16
Q
What is the common name for the Cranium?
A
Skull.
17
Q
What is the common name for the Femur?
A
Thigh bone.
18
Q
What is the common name for the Fibula?
A
Smaller of the two lower leg bones.
19
Q
What is the common name for the Humerus?
A
Upper arm bone.
20
Q
What is the common name for the Illium?
A
Upper part of pelvic bone.
21
Q
What is the common name for the Ischium?
A
Inferior or lower part of the pelvic bone.
22
Q
What is the common name for the Mandible?
A
Lower jawbone.
23
Q
What is the common name for the Maxilla?
A
Upper jawbone.
24
Q
What is the common name for the Metacarpals?
A
Hand bones.
25
What is the common name for the Metatarsals?
Bones between the tarsals and the toes.
26
What is the common name for the Olecranon?
Elbow.
27
What is the common name for the Patella?
Kneecap.
28
What is the common name for the Phalanges?
Finger and toe bones.
29
What is the common name for the Pubis?
Anterior part of the pelvic bone.
30
What is the common name for the Radius?
Forearm bone-thumb side.
31
What is the common name for the Scapula?
Shoulder blade.
32
What is the common name for the Sternum?
Breastbone.
33
What is the common name for the Tarsals?
Hindfoot and midfoot bones.
34
What is the common name for the Tibia?
Shin bone-larger of the two lower leg bones.
35
What is the common name for the Ulna?
Forearm bone-little finger side.
36
What is the common name for the Vertebra?
Backbone/spine.
37
What is Yellow bone marrow?
Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity shaft.
38
What is the Xiphoid Process?
Helps with the process of breathing and located in the lower portion of the sternum.
39
Define Metaphysis.
Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis and the epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone.
40
What is a Ligament?
Fibrous, connective bands binding bones to other bones.
41
What is Cancellous bone?
Spongy or trabecular bone made up of bony fibers.
42
What is an Osteoclast?
Bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue.
43
What is a Fontanelle?
Soft spot between skull bones of an infant.
44
What is Scoliosis?
Abnormal bending of the spinal cord to the side.
45
What is Kyphosis?
Condition caused by osteoporosis, known as 'hunchback'.
46
Define Myelopoiesis.
Formation of bone marrow.
47
What is Osteitis?
Inflammation of a bone, affects the growth of new bone.
48
What does Decalcification refer to?
Loss of calcium from bones.
49
What is Osteoporosis?
Decrease in bone density leading to thinning and weakening of bone.
50
What is Polymyositis?
Symmetric disorder of muscle weakness and pain.
51
What is Articular Cartilage?
Smooth tissue that cushions the joint and allows smooth movement.
52
What is Pronation?
Act of turning the palm down.
53
What is a Ganglion cyst?
Fluid-filled sac arising from the joint capsule or tendons.
54
What is Fibromyalgia?
Pain and stiffness in the muscles and fibrous tissue.
55
What is Asthenia?
Lack of strength.
56
What is a Simple fracture?
Bone broken but no open wound in skin.
57
What is Crepitus?
The crackling sound caused by bone or cartilage rubbing against each other.
58
What is Hyperkalemia?
Condition of high concentration of potassium in blood.
59
What are Haversian Canals?
Small canals that contain blood vessels and bring nutrients.
60
Where are Haversian Canals found?
In compact bone.
61
What is Spondylolisthesis?
The forward slipping of a vertebra over another.
62
What is Chondrosarcoma?
Cancerous tumor of cartilage.
63
What is Arthrodesis?
Surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement.
64
What is a Bone Density Test?
Low energy x-ray absorption used to measure bone mass.
65
What is Arthroscopy?
Visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope.
66
What is a Bone Scan?
Uptake of a radioactive substance measured in bone.
67
What is Arthrocentesis?
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space.
68
What does Serum Calcium measure?
Calcium level in serum.
69
What does AKA stand for?
Above knee amputation.
70
What is ROM?
Range of motion.
71
What does RA stand for?
Rheumatoid arthritis.
72
What does Fx refer to?
Fracture.
73
What does ANA indicate?
Antinuclear antibody, indicator of systemic lupus erythematosus.
74
What does DEXA stand for?
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.
75
What does OA stand for?
Osteoarthritis.
76
What does Ca refer to?
Calcium.
77
What does IM stand for?
Intramuscular.
78
What does NSAID stand for?
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
79
What is the spinal process?
Bony projection of the posterior of each vertebra.
80
Define transverse process.
Small bone on each side of the spinal process.
81
What is the lamina?
Part of the vertebra providing support and protection for the spinal cord.
82
What is the neural/spinal canal?
Space through which the spinal cord passes.
83
What is an intervertebral disk?
Pad of the vertebra between the body of the vertebra beneath it.
84
What do facet joints connect?
Bones between the spine.
85
What is the cervical vertebrae?
C1-C7 of the vertebral column.
86
What is the thoracic vertebrae?
Th1-Th12 of the vertebral column.
87
What do the thoracic vertebrae join with?
12 pairs of ribs.
88
What is the lumbar region?
L1-L5 of the vertebral column.
89
What is the strongest and largest part of the vertebral column?
Lumbar.
90
What is the AC joint?
Acromioclavicular joint.
91
What does the scapula connect?
Clavicle to each shoulder blade.
92
What is the bottom of the vertebral column called?
Sacrum.
93
What is the coccyx also known as?
Tailbone.
94
What is the upper portion of the sternum called?
Manubrium.
95
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12.
96
What ribs are known as true ribs?
1-7, attach to the sternum with cartilage.
97
What are false ribs?
8-10, attached to the 7th rib.
98
What are floating ribs?
11-12, not attached to the sternum.
99
What is the longest bone in the body?
Femur.
100
What is the kneecap called?
Patella.
101
What is the larger of the two leg bones?
Tibia.
102
What is the smaller and thinner of the two lower leg bones?
Fibula.
103
What are Tarsals?
Bones of the middle and hind part of the foot.
104
What forms the ankle joint?
Fibula and talus.
105
What is the heel bone called?
Calcaneus.
106
What are the bones of the palm of the hand called?
Metacarpals.
107
How many bones does each finger have?
3, except for the thumb which has 2.
108
What is the collection of bones that support the trunk of the body?
Pelvic girdle.
109
What is the largest part of the pelvis?
Ilium.
110
What is the superior part of the ilium?
Iliac crest.
111
What is the iliac crest filled with?
Red bone marrow.
112
What is the thigh bone called?
Femur.
113
What is the knee cap also known as?
Patella.
114
What is the term for the breaking of a bone?
Fracture.
115
What is a compound fracture?
Bone broken and a fragment protrudes through the skin.
116
What is a greenstick fracture?
Bone cracks on one side only.
117
What is a comminuted fracture?
Bone broken in several pieces.
118
What is a spiral fracture?
Bone broken in a twisting motion.
119
What is a reduction?
Restoration of the bone to its normal position.
120
What is closed reduction?
Reduction without surgical incision.
121
What is open reduction?
Surgical incision made for access to the fracture site.
122
What is internal fixation?
Insertion of metal plates and screws or pins to stabilize the bone.
123
What is the purpose of a cast?
To stabilize the body part to heal after a fracture.
124
What is Osteogenic sarcoma?
Malignant tumor arising from the osteoblast.
125
What is Osteomalacia?
Softening of bone with inadequate amounts of mineral.
126
What is Osteomyelitis?
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow secondary to infection.
127
What is the condition of decreased bone density?
Osteoporosis.
128
What does a DEXA scan detect?
Bone density.
129
What is Kyphosis also known as?
Humpback.
130
What is the condition characterized by inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone?
osteomalacia
131
What is the term for inflammation of bone and bone marrow secondary to infection?
osteomyelitis
132
What term describes a decrease in bone density (mass)?
osteoporosis
133
What type of bone density test is referred to as a dexa scan?
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
134
What condition presents with a curvature of the spine due to loss of bone mass from osteoporosis?
kyphosis
135
What is another name for kyphosis, characterized by a humpback or hunchback?
kyphosis
136
What condition involves abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column?
scoliosis
137
What is the term for increased anterior curvature of the lumbar spine, also known as swayback?
lordosis
138
What condition affects the growth of new bone or replacement bones in adults, also known as Paget's disease?
osteitis deformans
139
What does the term 'talus' refer to?
ankle
140
What is the term for a condition where the foot is turned in and under, commonly known as clubfoot?
talipes
141
What type of arthritis is characterized by chronic progressive stiffness of the joints, primarily of the spine?
ankylosing spondylitis
142
What is the term for inflammation and painful swelling in and around the joint caused by deposits of uric acid crystals?
gout
143
What condition is known as the king or Nobel disease due to its association with diets high in uric acid?
gout
144
What term describes the accumulation of uric acid in the joints leading to gout?
hyperuricemia
145
What is the progressive, degenerative disease characterized by loss of cartilage and hypertrophy of the bone?
Osteoarthritis (OA)
146
What is the autoimmune disease characterized by chronic joint inflammation and pain?
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
147
What happens to the synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis?
It becomes inflamed and thickened.
148
What is the term for the enlargement of bone tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe?
bunion
149
What condition results from compression of the median nerve in the wrist?
carpal tunnel syndrome
150
What is the term for the displacement of a bone from a joint?
dislocation
151
What procedure is used to restore bones to their normal position after a dislocation?
reduction
152
What is a fluid-filled sac arising from the joint capsule or tendons called?
ganglion cyst
153
What is the term for the abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal?
herniation disk
154
What is the surgical treatment called that involves removing a portion of the disc?
microdiscectomy
155
What is marked by a 'bullseye' rash from a tick bite carrying bacteria?
Lyme disease / Lyme arthritis
156
What is the hallmark sign of systemic lupus erythematosus?
redden butterfly rash
157
What autoimmune disease causes inflammation in the joints, kidneys, and central nervous system?
systemic lupus erythematosus
158
What condition is characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without nervous system involvement?
muscular dystrophy
159
What term describes the appearance of muscle in muscular dystrophy due to fat replacing functional muscle cells?
pseudohypertrophy
160
What is the term for chronic inflammatory myopathy characterized by symmetric muscle weakness and pain?
polymyositis
161
What does 'calc/o' and 'calci/o' refer to?
calcium
162
What does 'kph/o' refer to?
humpback or hunchback
163
What is the lamina part of?
the vertebral arch
164
What does 'lord/o' refer to?
curve or sway back
165
What does 'lumb/o' refer to?
loins or lower back
166
What does 'myel/o' refer to?
bone marrow
167
What does 'orth/o' refer to?
straight
168
What does 'oste/o' refer to?
bone
169
What does 'scoli/o' refer to?
crooked or bent
170
What does 'spondyl/o' refer to?
vertebra
171
What does '-blast' mean?
embryonic or immature cell
172
What does '-clast' mean?
to break
173
What does '-listhesis' refer to?
slipping
174
What does '-malacia' mean?
softening
175
What does '-physis' mean?
to grow
176
What does '-porosis' mean?
pore or passage
177
What does '-tome' mean?
instrument to cut
178
What is the acetabulum?
hip socket
179
What is the calcaneus?
heel
180
What are carpals?
wrist bones
181
What is the clavicle?
collar bone
182
What does 'cost/o' refer to?
ribs
183
What does 'crani/o' refer to?
cranium
184
What is the femur?
thigh bone
185
What is the fibula?
smaller lower leg bone
186
What is the humerus?
upper arm bone
187
What does 'ili/o' refer to?
upper part of pelvic bone
188
What does 'ischi/o' refer to?
posterior part of pelvic bone
189
What is a malleolus?
process on each side of the ankle
190
What is the mandible?
lower jawbone
191
What is the maxilla?
upper jaw bone
192
What are metacarpals?
hand bones
193
What are metatarsals?
foot bones
194
What is the olecranon?
elbow
195
What is the patella?
kneecap
196
What does 'pelv/o' refer to?
pelvis
197
What are phalanges?
fingers and toe bones
198
What does 'pub/o' refer to?
anterior part of the pelvic bone
199
What is the radius?
forearm bone (the thumb side)
200
What is the scapula?
shoulder blade
201
What is the sternum?
breastbone
202
What are tarsals?
bones of the mid and hindfoot
203
What is the tibia?
shin bone
204
What is the ulna?
forearm bone (little finger side)
205
What is fascia?
forms sheaths enveloping muscles
206
What does 'fibr/o' refer to?
fibrous connective tissue
207
What does 'leiomy/o' refer to?
smooth visceral muscle that lines the walls of the internal organs
208
What does 'my/o' refer to?
muscle
209
What does 'myocardi/o' refer to?
heart muscle
210
What does 'myos/o' refer to?
muscle
211
What does 'plant/o' refer to?
sole of the foot
212
What does 'rhabdomy/o' refer to?
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
213
What does 'sarc/o' refer to?
muscle and flesh
214
What does '-asthenia' mean?
lack of strength
215
What does '-trophy' mean?
development or nourishment
216
What does 'ab-' mean?
away from
217
What does 'ad-' mean?
toward
218
What does 'dorsi-' mean?
back
219
What does 'poly-' mean?
many or much
220
What is the role of bones in the body?
framework and movement
221
What do bones store that helps in growth?
minerals
222
What vitamin helps calcium pass through the small intestine into the bloodstream?
vitamin D
223
What is the inner part of the bone that manufactures red blood cells?
bone marrow
224
What are bones made up of?
osseous, blood vessels, and nerves
225
What do osteocytes do?
maintain bone tissue
226
What is the process in which fetal bones mature?
ossification
227
What type of bone cells are responsible for reabsorbing or digesting bone tissue?
osteoclasts
228
What happens first when a bone breaks?
osteoblasts provide calcium salts to rebuild
229
What happens second when a bone breaks?
osteoclasts remove debris
230
What are long bones?
found in lower leg, thigh, upper and lower arms
231
What are short bones?
mostly present in ankle and wrist
232
What are flat bones?
found to cover soft body parts to protect them
233
What are sesamoid bones?
bones found to increase efficiency of muscles near a joint
234
What is the diaphysis?
middle region of the long bone
235
What is the epiphysis?
each end of long bone
236
What is the epiphyseal line or plate?
area of cartilage tissue being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows
237
What is the metaphysis?
flared portion of the bone
238
What is the periosteum?
strong, fibrous, vascular membrane covering long bone
239
What is articular cartilage?
smooth tissue that cushions the joint
240
What is compact (cortical) bone?
layer of hard dense bone under the periosteum
241
What are Haversian canals?
small canals in compact bone that contain blood vessels
242
What is the medullary cavity?
tunneled out center of the long bone containing yellow bone marrow
243
What is cancellous bone?
spongy bone made up of bony fibers
244
What does red bone marrow consist of?
immature and mature blood cells in various stages of development
245
What is hematopoiesis?
production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
246
What are bone processes?
enlarged areas extending from bones for muscle attachment
247
What are bone depressions?
openings or hollow regions for connections between bones or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
248
What are cranial bones that join at the joints called?
cranial bone structure
249
What are fontanelles?
unfossified tissue in the skull of a newborn
250
What does the ethmoid bone support?
nasal cavity and eye socket
251
What is the frontal bone?
forehead and part of the eye sockets
252
What does the occipital bone form?
back and base of the skull
253
What does the parietal bone form?
top and side of the skull
254
What is the sphenoid bone?
base of the skull and behind eyes
255
What do temporal bones form?
lower sides and back of the skull
256
What are lacrimal bones associated with?
tears
257
What is the term for the coming together of two or more bones?
joint articulation
258
What are suture joints?
immovable joints between skull bones
259
What are synovial joints?
movable joints surrounded by joint capsule
260
What are ligaments?
thick fibrous bands of connective tissue anchoring bones together
261
What is articular cartilage?
smooth tissue covering ends of bones at joints
262
What does the synovial membrane do?
produces synovial fluid
263
What is the synovial cavity?
space between bones at a synovial joint containing synovial fluid
264
What is synovial fluid?
viscous fluid within the synovial cavity
265
What is a meniscus?
crescent-shaped fibroucartilaginous structure cushioning the joint
266
What is a bursa?
sac of fluid near a joint
267
What do tendons do?
bind muscle to bones
268
What do ligaments do?
bind bones to other bones
269
What type of muscle is striated in appearance but acts like smooth muscle?
cardiac muscle
270
What is the origin of a muscle?
connection to a stationary bone
271
What is the insertion of a muscle?
connection to the bone that moves
272
What is flexion?
decrease the angle between two bones
273
What is extension?
increase the angle between two bones
274
What is abduction?
movement away from the midline of the body
275
What is adduction?
movement toward the midline of the body
276
What is rotation?
circular movement around an axis
277
What is dorsiflexion?
decrease the angle of the ankle joint so the foot moves upward
278
What is plantar flexion?
motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground
279
What is supination?
act of turning the palm up
280
What is pronation?
act of turning the palm down
