Chapter 15

Question 0

Define the medical model?

Answer 0

Abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures.

Question 1

Define mental disorder?

Answer 1

A persistent disturbance or dysfunction i behaviour, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment.

Question 2

Define “Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders”? (DSM)

Answer 2

A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.

Question 3

Define comorbidity?

Answer 3

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual.

Question 4

Define biopsychosocial perspective?

Answer 4

explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors?

Question 5

What is the diathesis-stress model?

Answer 5

Suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress.

Question 6

What is the Research domain criteria project? (RDoC)

Answer 6

a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them.

Question 7

Define anxiety disorders?

Answer 7

The class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature. Comorbidity between depression and anxiety. Common anxiety disorders are phobic disorders, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety.

Question 8

Define Phobic disorders?

Answer 8

Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations.

Question 9

Define specific phobia?

Answer 9

A disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individuals ability to function.

Question 10

Define social phobia?

Answer 10

A disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed. (Speaking, eating, urinating in a public washroom)

Question 11

Define preparedness theory?

Answer 11

An idea that people are instinctively predisposed towards certain fears.

Question 12

Define panic disorder?

Answer 12

A disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror.

Question 13

Define agoraphobia?

Answer 13

A specific phobia involving fear of public places.

Question 14

Define Generalized anxiety disorder? (GAD)

Answer 14

A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by 3 or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.

Question 15

what is obsessive-compulsive disorder? (OCD)

Answer 15

A disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individuals functioning.

Question 16

What is Posttraumatic stress disorder? (PTSD)

Answer 16

A disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts of images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind.

Question 17

Define mood disorders?

Answer 17

Mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature.

Question 18

Define major depressive disorder?

Answer 18

Disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood and or inability to experience pleasure that last 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, sleep and appetite disturbance.

Question 19

Define Dysthymia?

Answer 19

Some cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years.

Question 20

Define Double depression?

Answer 20

A moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression.

Question 21

Define seasonal affective disorder?

Answer 21

Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern.

Question 22

What is Helplessness theory?

Answer 22

The idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global.

Question 23

Define Bipolar disorder?

Answer 23

A condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression).

Question 24

Define expressed emotion?

Answer 24

A measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional over involvement are used when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder.

Question 25

Define schizophrenia?

Answer 25

A disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behaviour.

Question 26

Define Positive Symptoms?

Answer 26

Thoughts and behaviours present in schizophrenia but not seen in those without the disorder, such as delusions and hallucinations.

Question 27

Define Hallucinations?

Answer 27

False perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation.

Question 28

Define Delusions?

Answer 28

Patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality.

Question 29

Define disorganized speech?

Answer 29

Severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics.

Question 30

Define grossly disorganized behaviour?

Answer 30

Behaviour that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances.

Question 31

Define Catatonic behaviour?

Answer 31

A marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity.

Question 32

Define negative symptoms?

Answer 32

Deficits or disruptions to normal emotions and behaviours.

Question 33

Define Cognitive symptoms?

Answer 33

Deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically executive functioning, attention, and working memory.

Question 34

Define the dopamine hypothesis?

Answer 34

The idea of schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity.

Question 35

Define Autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 35

Condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviours, interests, or activities.

Question 36

Define Attention deficit/hyperactive disorder?

Answer 36

A persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning.

Question 37

Define conduct disorder?

Answer 37

Persistent pattern of deviant behaviour involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations.

Question 38

Define Personality disorders?

Answer 38

Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning.

Question 39

Define antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 39

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood.

Question 40

Define suicide?

Answer 40

intentional self inflicted death.

Question 41

Define suicide attempt?

Answer 41

When a person engages in a potentially harmful behaviour with some intention of dying.