chapter 15

Question 1

Contains main genome; DNA and RNA synthesis.ny

Answer 1

nucleus

Question 2

Synthesis of most lipids; synthesis of proteins for distribution to many organelles and to the plasma membrane.

Answer 2

ER

Question 3

Modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for either secretion of delivery to another organelle.

Answer 3

golgi

Question 4

Intracellular degradation

Answer 4

lysosomes

Question 5

Sorting of endocytosed material

Answer 5

endosomes

Question 6

ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 6

mitochondria

Question 7

ATP synthesis and carbon fixation by photosynthesis

Answer 7

chloroplasts

Question 8

Oxidation of toxic molecules

Answer 8

peroxisomes

Question 9

Contains proteins that act as binding sites for the chromosomes.

Answer 9

inner nuclear membrane

Question 10

Provides structural support for nuclear envelope

Answer 10

nuclear lamina

Question 11

Closely resembles the membrane of ER.

Answer 11

outer nuclear membrane

Question 12

Consists of one or two short sequences containing several positively charged amino acids. (lysines & arginines)

Answer 12

nuclear localization

Question 13

Special proteins that aid in the transport of the protein across the two membranes and help fold it back into its tertiary structure once inside.

Answer 13

chaperone proteins

Question 14

Completely translocated across the membrane and enter the ER lumen

Answer 14

water-soluble proteins

Question 15

Partly translocated across the membrane and become embedded in it.

Answer 15

prospective transmembrane proteins

Question 16

Present in cytosol, binds to both the ribosome and the ER signal sequence of polypeptide when it emerges from ribosome.

Answer 16

signal-receptor particle (SRP)

Question 17

Distinctive coat protein on cytosolic surface; help shapes the membrane into a bud.

Answer 17

coated vesicles

Question 18

Protein that interacts with the t-Snare prior to joining of target and vesicle snares.

Answer 18

snap-25

Question 19

Process of cells detecting and responding to signals in the extracellular environment.

Answer 19

cell signaling

Question 20

Extracellular signal molecule binds to receptor

Answer 20

reception

Question 21

Transfer of signal from outside of cell to inside of cell

Answer 21

signal transduction

Question 22

Response is initiated and/or occurs entirely within receiving cell.

Answer 22

cellular response

Question 23

Long distance signaling that is able to signal the whole body, occurs through the systematic circulation.

Answer 23

endocrine signaling

Question 24

Signaling in the neighborhood or communication to neighboring cells. Act as local mediators to influence neighboring cells. Depends upon diffusion and regulated by factors.

Answer 24

paracrine & autocrine signaling

Question 25

Contains metabolic pathways; protein synthesis; the cytoskeleton.

Answer 25

cytosol

Question 26

Certain type of cell will release the signal and a different type of cell will respond to signal.

Answer 26

paracrine signaling

Question 27

Certain type of cell will release the signal and the same cell will respond to it.

Answer 27

autocrine signaling

Question 28

Involves neurons delivering messages across long distances. Delivery is quick and specific.

Answer 28

neuronal signaling

Question 29

Occurs between cells that are in direct contact with each other.

Answer 29

contact-dependent signaling

Question 30

Protein molecule usually found inside of on the surface of a cell, that receives chemical signals from the outside.

Answer 30

receptor

Question 31

Change permeability of cell membrane to certain ions. Signaling molecules regulates opening of ion transport channel.

Answer 31

ion-channel-coupled receptors

Question 32

Activate membrane bound proteins that then trigger intracellular signaling pathway.

Answer 32

G-protein-coupled receptors

Question 33

Receptor has enzymatic capabilities or receptor activates associates with an enzyme.

Answer 33

enzyme-coupled receptors

Question 34

Largest family of such enzyme-coupled receptors, that phosphorylate their substrate proteins on tyrosine residues, includes receptors for most polypeptide growth factors.

Answer 34

receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

Question 35

Any permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Answer 35

mutation

Question 36

A mutation that alters a single base.

Answer 36

point mutation

Question 37

Large regions of DNA effecting the normal chromosome structure.

Answer 37

chromosomal mutations

Question 38

Chemical or physical agents that interact with DNA to cause mutations.

Answer 38

mutagens

Question 39

Mutagens that lead to cancer.

Answer 39

carcinogens

Question 40

Genes that exhibit a gain-of-function in cancer.

Answer 40

oncogenes

Question 41

Normal functioning form of oncogene.

Answer 41

proto-oncogenennn

Question 42

Genes in which a loss-of-function plays a casual role in cancer.

Answer 42

tumor suppressor genes

Question 43

Functions to regulate the cell cycle by activating the expression of genes involved in G1 checkpoint control upon DNA damage.

Answer 43

p53