Chapter 15

Question 1

Define pathogenicity

Answer 1

the ability to cause disease by overcoming the defenses of a host

Question 2

define virulence

Answer 2

degree of pathogenicity

Question 3

what are the 3 portals of entry of microorganisms?

Answer 3

mucous membranes, skin, parenteral route

Question 4

What is the most important portal of entry?

Answer 4

mucous membranes

Question 5

Name some diseases that enter through mucous membranes

Answer 5

influenza, TB, poliovirus, salmonella, conjunctiva, HIV, STD’s

Question 6

What is the only microorganism that doesn’t need broken skin to enter?

Answer 6

hookworm (nectoramericanus)

Question 7

What is a preferred portal of entry?

Answer 7

a preferred portal of entry is a portal by which it’s more likely the pathogen can cause disease. If the pathogen enters by another portal, disease may not occur.

Question 8

What are adhesions or ligands?

Answer 8

surface molecules that attach pathogens and hosts. These bind specifically to complementary surface receptors on the cells of certain host tissues.

Question 9

What are the 5 factors that contribute to the microbial invasion of the host?

Answer 9

1. capsules
2. cell wall
3. enzymes
4. antigenic variation
5. cytoskeleton

Question 10

List some bacteria that has capsules.

Answer 10

Strep mutans, strep pneumonia, H. influenza, B. anthracis

Question 11

What are some of the enzymes that contribute to microbial invasion?

Answer 11

leukocidins, hemolysins, coagulases, streptokinase, hyaluronidase, collagenase

Question 12

*What are the two types of toxins that damage the host cell?

Answer 12

Exotoxin and Endotoxin

Question 13

What is an exotoxin?

Answer 13

a G+ bacteria that proteins are synthesized within

Question 14

What is an endotoxin?

Answer 14

a G- bacteria with lipolysaccharide lipid A.

Question 15

What is the mechanism of action for the exotoxin?

Answer 15

diphtheria toxin

Question 16

Which can you make a vaccine for, exotoxin or endotoxin?

Answer 16

You can only make a vaccine for exotoxins

Question 17

Which patient worsens with antibiotics, the patient with the exotoxin bacteria or the patient with the endotoxin bacteria?

Answer 17

The patient with the endotoxin worsens, getting fever, aches, weakness, and even shock. Antibiotics can lead to death for this patient, whereas the patient with exotoxin will get better.

Question 18

What is common with fungal spores?

Answer 18

Hypersensitivity

Question 19

What does a cytocidal virus do?

Answer 19

enters the cells and kills them

Question 20

What’s an example of a transforming virus?

Answer 20

HIV, cancer

Question 21

What is a fungus found in humans and animals?

Answer 21

Cryptococcus neoformons (meningitis)

Question 22

What are some of the diseases caused by Exotoxins?

Answer 22

Botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, toxic shock syndrome, anthrax, C. Diff