Chapter 15 (522 - 528)

Question 1

moral dilemmas

Answer 1

situations in which people must choose and justify a course of action or reasoning with respect to a moral issue

Question 2

1. heteronomous morality

Answer 2

the first stage of moral reasoning in which children believe that ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ are determined by powerful adult figures

Question 3

2. instrumental morality

Answer 3

the second of kohlberg’s moral judgement stages. in this stage, individuals (usually children) become aware that other people have intentions and desires, and that there are two sides to every argument

Question 4

3. interpersonal normative morality

Answer 4

this third stage of kohlberg’s moral judgement stages is sometimes referred to as the ‘good boy/good girl orientation’. individuals in this stage seek to be viewed as ‘good’ and feel guilt when it is likely that others will condemn their behaviour

Question 5

4. social system morality

Answer 5

the fourth of kohlberg’s moral judgement stages, also called the law and order orientation stage. in this stage, individuals recognise that all members of society have intentions and pursue goals, but they understand that rules and laws are necessary in order for society to function and to prevent anarchy

Question 6

human rights and social welfare morality

Answer 6

kohlberg’s final stage of moral judgement, also called the social contract orientation stage. individuals who have reached this stage make use of ethical principles to guide moral judgements

Question 7

social cognition

Answer 7

the comprehension of social situations

Question 8

evolutionary adaptation

Answer 8

a process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat

Question 9

attribution

Answer 9

the belief one holds as to why people carry out a particular action or behaviour

Question 10

universality

Answer 10

the notion that certain developmental principles apply across all cultures