Chapter 15- Absolutism Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
What are the causes of the Age of Crisis?
A
- Climate Change
- Religious Divides
- Increase of government pressure
- War
2
Q
Result of the age of crisis?
A
Fragile villages, hunger, population decrease, peasant revolts
3
Q
Social scale:
A
Monarchs Clergy Nobles Merchants Peasants/artisans
4
Q
Patriarchial
A
Men assuming authority over women, fathers could enforce authority by any means possible
5
Q
Most of Europeans lived where?
A
Countryside
6
Q
Tennant farmers
A
Would work land and get some of the profit
7
Q
Main food of the 16th cen
A
Bread, some sort of herb soup
8
Q
What was the little ice age
A
Climate change, freezing over caused shorter growing season, less food, less population
9
Q
What industry was affected by the little ice age?
A
Woolen textile in western europe
10
Q
What years and phases were the 30years war?
A
1618- 1648 Bohemian 1618-1625 Danish 1625-1629 Swedish 1630-1635 French 1635-1648
11
Q
What were the two sides of the 30yr war?
A
Catholic League and Protestant Union
12
Q
What did the Edict of Restitution do?
A
All catholic properties taken by Protestants since 1552 were restored and only Catholic and Lutherns were allowed to worship.
13
Q
Who was Gustavus Adolphus?
A
Swedish King, wanted to weaken Habsburg and Catholic power.
14
Q
What ended the 30year war?
A
Peace of Westpahlia, gave rights to princes to decide the religion.
15
Q
How was the 30year war bad for Europes Economy and society?
A
- population decrease affected commercial productions
- increase in taxes to fund war created revolts
- trade in S. germany destroyed
- agriculture destroyed
16
Q
What is an absolute government?
A
Monarchs that gather all control under personal power
17
Q
What were the obstacles faced by absloute government?
A
- took weeks to get orders from central government to provinces
- rulers didnt get info from realms and couldnt police or tax
- clergy and nobles held too much power that couldn’t be controlled
- diversity of languages
18
Q
Who was the first french chief minister?
A
Cardinal Richelieu 1585-1642
19
Q
Who was the spanish minister?
A
Count duke of Olivares
20
Q
Sovereign
A
Central powers added up to this, state had this when it possessed monopoly over instruments of justice and enforced boundaries
21
Q
Coalitions
A
Hiring mercenaries bands to fight as an army (different then standing army)
22
Q
How was military units paid for by nobles?
A
They would buy their rank in the units and were responsible for creating and maintaining that unit
23
Q
When did the french army start funding the military and not rely on nobles
A
1760
24
Q
In France how did royals react to the bread and tax riots?
A
They first lowered the price of bread which attracted too many country peasants, so they then lowered the quality of the bread
25
Why did royals hesitate to enlist the army to put down the rebels?
1. Feared firing on cities might inflate the situation
| 2. Using army to occupy the city would be a waste for foreign wars
26
Describe Henry IV "Henry the Great"
1589-1610 Bourbon Dynasty Grandfather to Louis XIV, enacted Edict of Nantes (allowed 150 towns to worship Protestant), lowered taxes and kept peace
27
What was Richelieus government tactics?
Expanded the use of intendants, lowered taxes, supervised local law and nobles, increased centralized power
28
What was the result of the Seige of La Rochelle by Louis
Power of the important commercial port. Allowed Louis one step closer to ridding of all Protestant
29
Liturgy
Form of how public religious worship is conducted
30
Cardinal Jules Mazarin
1602-1661, Louis Minister, struggled to raise royal money to fund cost of war so he raised taxes led to the Fronde Uprisings
31
Frondeur
Originally street person threw mud at rich carriages: groups who opposed policies of the government
32
Result of Fronde
Noble rebellion and riots left fr wanting peace and strong monarchy
33
Louis religious veiw
Revoked the Edict of Nantes 1658 and persecuted Huegonots. Hated religious divison
34
Versailles was built what year
1682
35
Colbert
1619-1683 Louis central general
36
Mercantilism
Collection of government policies for regulation of economy activities for state
Idea that nations power is on its wealth, to get $ sell more goods abroad
37
What were some of the ways Colbert enforced mercantilism
- supported new and old factories to increase french made products
- created guild regulations
- abolished domestic taxes, increased imported taxes
- founded company East Indies 1644
38
What is the cause of "the age of crisis"?
After economic and demographic growth in the 16th century, Euro fell into stagnation
39
What triggered the war of Spanish Succession?
Death of Charles II in 1700, Louis grandson Philip of Anjou, bequeathed HRE violated treaty of separate European Powers
40
What were the years of the Spanish Succession?
1701-1713
41
In 1701 who aligned against Louis
England, Dutch, Austrians, Prussians
42
Peace of Utrecht
Ended Spanish Succession war which allowed Philip to be king of Spain with understanding that French and Spanish crown will never be united
43
Moriscos
Former muslims, pushed out during 1609
44
Fall of Spanish Economy
- 1610-1650 trade fell by 60% due to competition with Dutch and Eng
- slaves in N.W. got epidemics and silver mines production decreased and quality after 1620
- royal spending exceeded income had to devalue money, and filed bankruptcy repeatedly
- elite thought money making was vulgar, many entered economic unproductive professions
- expelled Moriscos, very experienced workers
- textile workers pushed out of their industries by inflation
- aristocrats wanted to keep lavish lifestyles
- wages and productions stagnated
45
Response to the downfall of the Spanish Economy
Phillip III and Philip IV left duties to their Dukes
46
How did Count Duke Olivares respond to the fall of Spanish Economy
New sources of revenue, thought Sp needed to return to traditions, Sp involvement in 30 year war.
47
East Euro absolutism built on Social and Economical Foundations, who benefited
Serfs and nobles
48
What was the cause of the erosion of peasantry economy in Prussia
Government restricted landownership to deal
49
Explain ways the Prussian Government enforced Absolutism on peasants
- controls all the legal systems
- land restrictions to peasants
- lords took peasant land and enforced heavy labor obligations
- lords could relocate serfs
- had to get permission to marry
50
Who was the Austrian ruler during the Bohemian Phase of the 30 yr war?
Ferdinand II 1619-1637
51
What changes did Ferdinand make for steps towards Absolute control in Bohemia?
-took Protestant land and gave it back to Catholic nobles and the foreign aristocrats that ran the army
With the help of the nobles Habsburgs were able to establish absolutism in Bohemia
52
Hungary fights back against Habsuburg Absolutism
The nobility fights back in 1703 due to involvement in the Spanish Succession war
53
Even though the Habsburgs defeat Hungary revolts how do they compromise with the nobility
Form consensus with nobles and church, sense of common identity and loyalty, german language and catholic main, vienna becomes political and cultural center
54
Prussias Royal Family?
Hohenzollern
55
Who wanted to unify the 3 Prussian Provinces and came to power 1640 (part of Hohenzellern fam)
Frederick William the Great Elector
56
Junkers
Prussian nobles
57
How did Junkers assist Fred. William Elector
Accepted taxes to fund the army in exchange for junkers right to govern their serfs allowed Elector to to increase state power and take surrounding prussian towns *Elector had financial indepen. and superior force*
58
Who transitioned Prussia to Military state and really established Absolutism
Frederick William I, 1713-1749, "the Soldiers King"
59
How did Fredrick William I expand military power and that effect and then change
1713 declared all drafted men to go through training and military sentence life long, draftees fled the country/injured themselves
1733 ordered men to under go training but aloud some to return to the workforce and repopulate
60
How did Fredrick William I appease Junkers during army expansion
Enlisted them to lead army
61
Who controlled Russia during the 13th cen that provided a model for absolute government
Mongol khans
62
Who ruled Russia during 1464-1505 and expanded Moscow towards Baltic Sea and in 1480 defied the Mongols
Ivan III "The Great"
63
What Mongol traditions did Russia adopt after the expulsion of them
Forcing weaker provinces to pay tribute to Moscow, used their tax system, postal routes, and census
64
Who were the Russian nobles
Boyars
65
Ivan IV
Ivan the terrible 1533-1584
66
Result of ivan IV prosecutions of serfs and nobility
Landowners required harsher labor from serfs, many fled and joined rebel groups
67
Cossaks
Russian rebel warrior bands during the time of Ivan IV
68
Result to serf revolts in Russia during Ivan IV reign
Tied serfs firmly to land and noble control; no class had private land. Middle class did not grow econ and socially during this time
69
After death of Ivan IV what did Russia enter and what happendd
Time of Troubles1598-1614, crop failure, plague, Cossacks and peasants rebelled against nobles.
70
How did Boyars responde to Cossack uprising during the time of trouble
Crushed Cossacks and brought Romanov family to power
71
Who was Stenka Razin
Led one of the largest Russian uprisings in 1670 with urban peasants
72
How did Michael Romanov affect peasant life
1659 passed law that gave landowners undivided right to control serfs and extended serfdom to all peasants
73
How did the Romanov tsars benefit
Gained Ukraine 1667, growth of bureaucracy, employed foreign experts to reform Russian army, enlisted Cossacks warriors to fight for Siberia
74
What was the benefit of gaining Siberia
Natural resources, furs
75
Who led 250 Russian officials on a Western tour of capitals
Peter the Great 1682-1725
76
Who was Charles XII
Swedish king during Great Northern War 1697-1718
77
What started the Great Northern War?
Swedish attack Russian armies in Narva 1700-1721
78
What steps did Peter take to increase State Power and Army during the great northern war?
1) required all nobles to serve in the army/civil admin for life
2) created new schools required young men to spend 5yrs learning army/gov tactics
3) created 14 level military/civilian bureaucracy; all had to start at the bottom rank, which allowed some non nobles to climb the ranks
4) sought talented foreigners to serve
79
What city became the extravagant capitol for Russia under Peter the Great
St. Petersburg, located in a swamp
80
The building of st.petersburg relied on who?
Tax levied on wealthy, labor relied on peasants
81
What modern traditions did Peter impose
Shaved beards, western clothes, unigeniture, larger gap between serfs and educated nobles
82
Unigeniture
Inheritance of land to first born son, cut other sons and daughters out
83
What affects did the fall of constanople to the turks have ?
1) liberated city from Byzantines
| 2) religious tolerance, refugee for jews, muslims and some prot
84
What was the renamed constanople
Istanbul
85
Janissary corps
The less talented male slaves that didnt rise in ranks, used in combat. 1683 became so prestigious they would take volunteers and not force people to be apart of it
86
Millet system
Ottos divided into religious communities, each one self governed under religious leaders
87
Result of the millet system
Powerful bond between otto ruling class and religious leaders
88
What were the powers of the millet system
Could tax, regulate group behavior, have courts, hospital, churchs
89
What was the "old palace" (Otto) used for?
Sultans family kept in isolation
90
Eunuchs
Castrated male servants assigned to watch over sultans family
91
What was the new topaki palace (otto) used for?
Train young men for army/ government
92
Suleiman the Magnificent
Married a concubine and had multiple children with her
93
What was the result of Suleiman the magnificent marrying a concubine?
Imperial wives became more powerful, arranged daughter to marry high ranking servants, led to more bureaucratic administration. All this started to decline after his death
94
Constitutionalism
Power of the gov is limited by law and balanced gov power, has constitution
95
When did Eng become a constitutional monarchy?
1688
96
James Stuart became king as...and when?
James I 1603-1625
97
Charles I and James I had common ideas about monarchs which was..
Their power should not be restricted, fights with house of commons erupted. Charles did not summon Parli from 1629 onward
98
What religion did James I not support
Puritans
99
Charles I supported Laud who in 1637 tried to impose a new book of prayer, this angered the Scots and when Charles requested an army from the Parli how did they react?
The Parli did not trust Charles with an army, so they created the "Long Parli" 1640-1660; limited power of monarchs, made it impossible to govern without them, imposed triennial acts
100
Triennial acts passed by commons in 1641
King has to summon Parli every 3 years, impeaches Laud and almost rids of all Bishops.
101
What led up to the Eng Civil War?
Irish Rebellion 1641 due to Eng Gov exploiting people
102
What were the two sides of the Eng Civil War?
Power of the king (recruited nobles, calvary, merchants) vs. Parliments New Model Army (Parli w/London militia)
103
When Charles would not give up who captured him?
Oliver Cromwell, 1647, Protestant and a House of Commons member
104
After capture of Charles I Cromwell dismissed Parli members against him and what happened to Charles?
Beheaded him 1649, remaining Parli members called "Rump Parli"
105
What ideas did Thomas Hobbes have (Eng)?
1651 all members of society under absolute sovereign rule
106
Protectorate Government
Created by Cromwell, republic, legislature power with Parli and executive power with Council of State. Army controlled the government and Cromwell controlled the army
107
Aspect of Protectorate: what was the army constitution, 1653 which gave power to cromwell of council of state, gave Parli right to raise taxes and soon Cromwell dismissed Parli
Instruments of Government
108
Aspect of Protectorate: cromwell continued the standing army, what law split army into 12 military districts controlled by general
Quasi-martial law
109
Aspect of Protectorate: what was Cromwells religious beliefs?
Strong Protestant: banned Catholic, sports, theaters, censored press, BUT gave all religions right to worship except Catholic
110
Aspect of Protectorate: what act in 1651 required English goods to be transported only by English ships?
Navigation Acts, brought short success in war on dutch
111
Aspect of Protectorate: who did Cromwell welcome back after 4 decades?
Jews
112
What led to the Protectorate collapse?
Cromwells death 1658, England fed up with military rule, wanted to return to civilian gov and common law and social stability
113
Who restored Eng monarchy after Cromwell in 1660?
Charles II
114
What did the Test Act of 1673 do?
Denied right to vote, hold office, preach or teach anything outside of the Church of England
115
Finding out that the Parliment didnt pay him enough what did Charles II do?
Forged agreement with Louis XIV that said he would lighten up on Cath and Louis would pay him 200,000 a year
116
Who were the Jacobites?
Supporters of King James II
117
What was the Glorious Revolution believed to be, what actually resulted?
Swapping of kings without blood shed, led to uprisings when Scottish Mary and William.
118
The uprisings of the glorious revolution meant ?
The final end to divine right monarchy in England
119
When was the English bill of rights passed and what did it include?
1689, 1) if Parli passes law crown cant rid it
2) parli called every 3 years
3) independence of judiciary, no standing army during peace time
4) Prot can arms, cath cant
5) freedom to everyone but Catholics
120
Who was John Locke?
1632-1704, philosopher of natural rights
121
What views did John Locke have?
Basic rights to all men who can reason, government becomes a tyranny when it over steps its function to protect life liberty and property.
122
Who has the power in a cabinet system
Leading ministers create policy and conduct country business
123
Sir Robert Walpole
Led cabinet 1721-1742, idea that cabinet responsible to House of Commons, 1st Prime Minister
124
What are the two houses in the Parliment
House of Commons, House of Lords
125
What affect did King George II have on the cabinet
Did away with royals visiting the cabinet meetings, influence of the royals in deciding decreased
126
What happened during the "Golden Age of the Nether" ?
Independence of Nether from Spain 1648 (end of the 30 yr war), dutch ideas and attitudes shaped new and modern world view *the united provinces of Nether developed model of Constitutional state*
127
Explain the Dutch Republic government.
All issues had to go back to the estates and any province could veto a legislation; contains Regents, Estates, States General
128
What power did the Dutch Republic branch of Regents have?
Wealthy business men that handled each provinces domestic affairs
129
What power did the Dutch Republic branch of Provinces Estates (assemblies) have?
Held almost all power, all things came back to the Estates
130
What did the States General do? (Dutch Republic)
Handled foreign affairs, carried out ceremonies and military defense
131
What was the significance of Holland?
Largest navy port, wealthy, dominated Republic and States general
132
What was a Stadholder? (Dutch)
Each province selects an executive officer, heads the States General
133
What cause Nether to do away with the stradholders?
Some suspected them to have monarchial ideas, when one of them, Mary and William of Orange, was elected King of Eng they got rid of stradholders
134
Dutch political success rested on?
Commercial wealth
135
What gave Dutch such commercial wealth?
Religious tolerance attracted a lot of foreign capital and investment
