Chapter 15- Energy Resource

Question 1

The point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of crude oil is reached, and after that the extraction is expected to enter final decline.

Answer 1

Peak Oil

Question 2

The crisis resulted partly because energy
demand increased as California prospered and grew in population. California imports a large percentage of its electrical energy and failed to bring sufficient new sources of energy online.

Answer 2

California Energy Crisis

Question 3

The origin of fossil fuels—coal, oil, and gas—is intimately related to the geologic cycle. These Fuels are essentially solar energy stored in the form of organic material that has been transformed by physical and biochemical processes after burial.

Answer 3

Fossil Fuels

Question 4

The largest coal producer company in the Philippines as of April 2022, with about 14.3 million tons of coal produced. The Philippines reported having roughly 2.37 billion metric tons of coal resource potential in 2020, most of which was found in Semirara, making it the country’s primary site for coal mining.

Answer 4

Semirara Mining & Power Corporation

Question 5

production of nuclear energy relies mostly on fission.

Answer 5

Energy from Fission

Question 6

Is the splitting of atomic nuclei by neutron bombardment.

Answer 6

Nuclear fission

Question 7

Fission of the nucleus of a uranium 235 atom

• The first controlled nuclear fission was demonstrated in ________

Answer 7

1942

Plutonium 239 for Nuclear Weapons

Question 8

Geology and Distribution of Uranium

●Natural concentration:

● Origin:

● Three types of deposits have produced most of the uranium in the last few years:
1.
2.
3.

Answer 8

●Natural concentration: approximately 2 parts per million (ppm) in Earth’s crust.

● Origin: found in magma and granitic rock (about 4 ppm), also in in late-stage igneous rocks such as pegmatites.

● Three types of deposits have produced most of the uranium in the last few years:

1. sandstone impregnated with uranium minerals
2. veins of uranium-bearing materials localized in rock fractures
3. as 2.2 billion year-old placer deposits, now coarse-grained sedimentary rock

Question 9

Most reactors today consume more fissionable material than they produce and are known as ___________. The reactor itself is part of the nuclear steam supply system, which produces the steam to run the
turbine generators that produce electricity.

Answer 9

burner reactors

Question 10

Are by-products that must be expected as electricity is produced from nuclear reactors or
weapons are produced from plutonium.

Answer 10

Radioactive Waste

Question 11

contains small amount of radioactive substances

Answer 11

Low-Level Radioactive Waste

Question 12

Is nuclear waste composed of human-made radioactive elements heavier than
uranium.

Answer 12

Transuranic Waste

Question 13

Are produced as fuel assemblages in nuclear reactors become
contaminated or clogged with large quantities of fission products.

Answer 13

High-Level Radioactive Wastes

Question 14

In December 1987, Congress amended the act to specify that only the ________________
site in southern Nevada would be evaluated to determine if high-level radioactive waste could be disposed of
there.

Answer 14

Yucca Mountain

Question 15

combines the nuclei of lighter elements to produce heavier ones.

Answer 15

Nuclear Fusion

Question 16

Was developed in Italy using dry steam in 1904 and is now used to generate electricity at numerous sites around the world.

Answer 16

Geothermal Power

Tiwi Geothermal Power Plant (Tiwi, Albay)
Malitbog Geothermal Power Plant (Leyte)

Question 17

Several geothermal systems may be defined on the basis of geologic criteria:

• are characterized by a geothermal basin in which a variable amount of hot water circulates.

Answer 17

Hydrothermal Convection System

2 Basic Types: vapor-dominated systems and hot water systems

Question 18

Several geothermal systems may be defined on the basis of geologic criteria:

• the idea of using groundwater at normal shallow under ground temperatures is a relatively new one.

Answer 18

Groundwater Systems

Question 19

is a viable site-specific energy source. Over a 30-year period, the estimated yield from this vast resource far exceeds that of hundreds of modern nuclear power plants.

Answer 19

Geothermal Energy

Question 20

Geothermal Energy Environmental problems:

Answer 20

on-site noise, gas emissions, scars on the land.

Question 21

Geothermal energy production does have associated hazards:

Answer 21

➔ Produces thermal pollution from hot waste water, which can be saline, mineralized, or corrosive.

➔ Injecting fluids may activate fracture systems in the rocks and cause earthquakes

➔ The original withdrawal of fluids may compact the reservoir, causing surface subsidence.

➔ Impact on Geysers
Adverse Effects: Can reduce/change the heat source driving geysers.

Question 22

main energy sources used today; supply ~90% of global energy consumption.

Answer 22

Fossil Fuels

Question 23

Around 30% of the country’s power supply came from Renewable Energy as of end-2023, based on data from the Department of Energy (DOE).

Answer 23

Philippines

Question 24

Nonrenewable: Nuclear energy

Renewable: Solar power, water/hydropower, hydrogen, wind power,
biomass energy, geothermal energy.

Question 25

Is used directly through passive solar systems or active solar systems

Answer 25

Solar Energy

Question 26

involve architectural design that enhances absorption of solar energy and takes advantage of the natural changes in solar energy that occur throughout the year without requiring mechanical power.

Answer 26

Passive Solar Energy System

Question 27

require mechanical power, usually pumps and other apparatuses, to circulate air, water, or other fluids from solar collectors to a heat sink, where the heat is stored until used.

Answer 27

Active Solar Energy Systems

Question 28

are usually flat panels consisting of a glass plate over a black background where water is circulated through tubes.

Answer 28

Solar Collectors

Question 29

The technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity using a solid semiconductor material is known as

Answer 29

Photovoltaics

Question 30

Solar Energy and the Environment ➔ has relatively low impact on the environment. ➔ the major disadvantage is that a large land area is required to generate large amount of energy.

Question 31

l - Lightest, most abundant element in the universe. - May be the fuel of the future and the key to clean energy

Answer 31

Hydrogen

Question 32

- used since the Roman Empire. - Waterwheels in 17th-century Western Europe converted moving water to mechanical energy. - 18th-19th Centuries: Powered grain mills, sawmills, and other machinery in the United States.

Answer 32

Water Power

Question 33

used to generate either electrical power or mechanical power to run machinery

Answer 33

Hydroelectric Power

Question 34

Another form of water power might be derived from ocean tides in a few places where there is favorable topography.

Answer 34

Tidal Power

Question 35

Water Power and Environment ➔ Water power is clean power, it requires no fuel burning, does not pollute the atmosphere, produces no radioactive or other waste, and is efficient. ➔ Ex: Three Gorges Dam on China's Yangtze River

Answer 35

Wind Power - Used since early Chinese and Persian civilizations (propelled ships and has driven windmills) - Wind prospecting has become an important endeavor. The direction, velocity, and duration of wind may be quite variable, depending on the local topography and on the regional to local magnitude of temperature differences in the atmosphere.

Question 36

- is a new name for the oldest fuel used by humans. - Biofuel energy sources are organic matter such as plant material and animal waste. - Types: Firewood, Cattle dung (India and other countries), Peat (northern countries like Scotland)

Answer 36

Biofuel

Question 37

refers to a moderation of our energy demand

Answer 37

Conservation of Energy

Question 38

entails designing and using equipment that yields more power from a given amount of energy, while wasting less energy.

Answer 38

Efficiency

Question 39

refers to a number of processes that capture and use some of the waste heat produced by power generation and industrial operations rather than simply releasing it into the atmosphere or to water, where it may cause thermal pollution.

Answer 39

Cogeneration

Question 40

- this is the more comfortable approach; - it requires no new thinking or realignment of political, economic, or social conditions. - it also involves little anticipation of the inevitable depletion of the fossil fuel resources.

Answer 40

Hard Path

Question 41

- involves energy alternatives that are renewable, flexible, decentralized, and environmentally more benign than those of the hard path.

Answer 41

Soft Path