chapter 15: gender development

Question 1

sex

Answer 1

distinction between genetic females (XX) and genetic males (XY) as well as other genetic sex compositions (e.g., XO, XXY, XYY)

Question 2

gender

Answer 2

social assignment or self-categorization as “a girl” or “a boy” (or possibly both, neither, or a different category)

Question 3

cisgender

Answer 3

individuals who identify with their gender assigned at birth (or their biological sex)

Question 4

transgender

Answer 4

individuals who do not identify with the gender assigned at birth (which is typically based on their external genitalia)

Question 5

bigender

Answer 5

individuals who identify with two genders

Question 6

agender

Answer 6

individuals who do not identify with any gender category

Question 7

nonbinary

Answer 7

individuals who do not identify exclusively as one gender; also referred to as genderqueer

Question 8

gender-fluid

Answer 8

individuals who self-identify with different gender categories depending on the context

Question 9

gender typing

Answer 9

the process of gender socialization

Question 10

gender-typed

Answer 10

behaviors stereotyped or expected for a given person’s assigned gender

Question 11

cross-gender-typed

Answer 11

behaviors stereotyped or expected for the gender other than that of a given person

Question 12

gender nonconforming

Answer 12

individuals who are highly cross-gender-typed in relation to their assigned gender

Question 13

effect size

Answer 13

magnitude of difference between two group’s averages and the amount of overlap in their distributions

Question 14

meta-analysis

Answer 14

statistical method used to summarize average effect size and statistical significance across several research studies

Question 15

androgens

Answer 15

class of steroid hormones that normally occur at slightly higher levels in males than in females and that affect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onwards

Question 16

organizing influences

Answer 16

potential result of certain sex-linked hormones affecting brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty

Question 17

activating influences

Answer 17

potential result of certain fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels affecting the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavioral responses

Question 18

self-socialization

Answer 18

active process during development whereby children’s cognitions lead them to perceive the world and to act in accord with their expectations and beliefs

Question 19

gender identity

Answer 19

self-identifying as a boy or a girl (or possibly as both or possibly neither)

Question 20

gender stability

Answer 20

awareness that gender remains the same over time

Question 21

gender constancy

Answer 21

realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person’s appearance or behavior

Question 22

gender schemas

Answer 22

organized mental representations (concepts, beliefs, memories) about gender, including gender stereotypes

Question 23

gender schema filter

Answer 23

initial evaluation of information as relevant to one’s own gender

Question 24

interest filter

Answer 24

initial evaluation of information as being personally interesting

Question 25

tuition

Answer 25

learning through direct teaching

Question 26

enactive experience

Answer 26

learning to take into account the reactions one's past behavior has evoked in others

Question 27

observational learning

Answer 27

learning through watching other people and the consequences others experience as a result of their actions

Question 28

ingroup bias

Answer 28

tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the ingroup more positively than or as superior to those of the outgroup

Question 29

ingroup assimilation

Answer 29

process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group's norms, demonstrating the characteristics that define the ingroup

Question 30

intersectionality

Answer 30

the interconnection of social identities such as gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class, especially in relation to overlapping experiences of discrimination and disadvantage

Question 31

opportunity structure

Answer 31

the economic and social resources offered by the macrosystem in the bioecological model, and people's understanding of those resources

Question 32

gender segregation

Answer 32

children's tendency to associate with same-gender peers and to avoid other-gender peers

Question 33

assertion

Answer 33

tendency to take action on behalf of the self through competitive, independent, or aggressive behaviors

Question 34

affiliation

Answer 34

tendency to affirm connection with others through being emotionally open, empathetic, or supportive

Question 35

collaboration

Answer 35

coordination of assertion and affiliation in behavior, such as making initiatives for joint activity

Question 36

gender-role intensification

Answer 36

heightened concerns with adhering to traditional gender roles that may occur during adolescence

Question 37

ambivalent sexism

Answer 37

model of sexism that includes two components, hostile sexism (endorsement of men's dominance with negative views of women seeking equality) and benevolent sexism (the belief that men need to protect women, and that women and men have complementary traits)

Question 38

gender-role flexibility

Answer 38

recognition of gender roles as social conventions and adoption of more flexible attitudes and interests