Chapter 15: Hallucinogens - Monoaminergic

Question 0

Prior human experience with LSD before it was synthesized was Ergotism( St.Anthony’s fire). Explain

Answer 0

• from eating ergot-infested rye….

Question 1

When was Lysergic Acid Diethylamide first synthesized? (LSD)

Answer 1

• 1938

Question 2

What are the symptoms of ergot fungus?

-St. Anthony’s fire type

Answer 2

• constricted blood flow to the limbs making the person feel excessively warm.
• can lead to gangrene (limb falls off)
• during Middle Ages
• derivatives of LSD in the fungus

Question 3

Symptoms of other types of fungus?

Answer 3

• convulsions
• delirium
• hallucinations

Question 4

When was the first LSD trip and by who?

Answer 4

• 1943

- Albert Hoffman

Question 5

What did Humphrey Osmond suggest with LSD ?

Answer 5

• model for psychosis

Question 6

What did the US army and CIA use LSD for?

Answer 6

• incapacitation and interrogation

Question 7

Who coined the term psychedelic?

Answer 7

• Timothy Leary in 1960 at Harvard University
• tested on students
  L> empty room: no effect
  L> home: big effect
• environment has a huge effect on experience

Question 8

Pharmacokinetics?

1. physical description
2. Blood brain barrier and placental?
3. Effective dose?Duration of effect??
4. Onset of action?
5. Tolerance?
6. Cross tolerance ?
7. Physical dependance and lethality?

Answer 8

1. odourless, colourless, tasteless
2. crosses them easily
3. 50 micrograms
4. 30-90 mins, duration of effect= 5-12 hours
5. Tolerance develops very rapidly and totally but reverses quickly (3-4 days)
6. With mescaline and psilocybin
7. none present

Question 9

How is LSD sold?

Answer 9

• as hits

L> 0- 300ug ..avg= 200

Question 10

Traditionally how is LSD been absorbed?

Answer 10

• blotting paper, which may be plain or printed with various cartoons or mosaic patterns.

Question 11

What is a gel tab?

Answer 11

• LSD is in gelatine, that is set in moulds of various shapes, or flat squares called window panes.

Question 12

What are microdots?

Answer 12

• candies, tiny pills containing LSD

Question 13

Which is better and why: Gelatine LSD or Blotting paper?

Answer 13

• Gelatine!

L> it protects the LSD from deterioration caused via light and exposure to air…..

Question 14

How is Mescaline acquired?

Answer 14

• dried heads of the peyote cactus

L> taken orally or dipped in a drink…. (200 to 400 ug)

Question 15

There are few common physical effects on the body from LSD but what are some common ones?

Answer 15

• dilatation of pupils
• nausea
• changes in body temp
• increased heart rate

Question 16

LSD has an affinity for __ receptors, especially in the ___ cortex, this may be responsible for altered interpretation of what?

Answer 16

• 5-HT2a
• medial prefrontal
• sensory info and cognitive distortions

Question 17

LSD activates the __ neurons of the _____; enhancing the response to ____ stimuli.

Answer 17

• NE, locus coeruleus

- novel

Question 18

LSD produces hallucinatory effects that are _ unique; they are determined by characteristics of the ___, not by the___.
L> list three examples of this

Answer 18

• not
• brain
• drug
  1. vastly diff drugs cause similar hallucinations
  2. visual effects are similar to those during non drug hallucinations
  3. hallucinations are similar in different cultures

Question 19

Subjective effects of LSD:

1. Entactogenic effects
2. Empathogenic effects

Answer 19

1. personal insight

2. experience of great emotional or personal significance (religious exp)

Question 20

Subjective effects:

1. Hallucinogenic effects

Answer 20

1. vivid visual images
   L> opened eyes= projected on whatever object looking at
   L> closed eyes= blackbackground
   - geometric images

Question 21

Common geometric images hallucinated on LSD?

Answer 21

1. grating
2. lattice
3. cobweb
4. tunnel
5. funnel
6. cone
7. spiral

Question 22

Visual hallucinations occur in what three states?

Answer 22

1. fever deliriums
2. insulin hypoglycaemia
3. Hyponogogic states (before drifting off to sleep )

Question 23

Geometric images are in phase one of hallucinations what are present in phase two during LSD trips?

Answer 23

• personally meaningful images

Question 24

``` Tripping : Phase 1. Phase 2. Phase 3. L> a. L> b. ```

Answer 24

1. autonomic effects 2. early hallucinations: colours, geometric patterns, synesthesia(cross over of senses) 3. complex hallucinations a. dream like states with detached observations b. involvement in imagery, with cognitive and mood changes; true loss of reality.

Question 25

Bad trips : 1. more common in what users? 2. cause disturbing ___ and ___. 3. Cause the sense of being ____ in the state. 4. Key factors involved in a bad trip? 5. can they be talked down?

Answer 25

1. novice users 2. imagery and thoughts 3. trapped 4. negative set (mind set) and setting 5. yes they can but not if on PCP

Question 26

Describe: 1. Phantasticant Effects 2. Perceptual Effects

Answer 26

1. experiences they are having are of great emotional or worldly experience... (spiritual in nature) 2. greatly enhanced pleasure derived from viewing art, and especially listening to music.

Question 27

Describe a psychotic reaction! 1. does it require hospitalization? 2. who is it common in? 3. symptoms resemble? 4. this can develop after?

Answer 27

1. hospitalization 2. more common in already mentally unstable individuals 3. schizophrenia like symptoms but especially paranoia 4. can develop after inadvertent use (not being prepared before use)

Question 28

Flashbacks: 1. Can cause spontaneous what? 2. More common after what? 3. Can be triggered by what? 4. Is the mechanism known?

Answer 28

1. recurrence of elements of a trip after a drug free period 2. multiple trips 3. other drugs after LSD use 4. unknown

Question 29

Clinical applications of LSD? 1. Model of psychosis? 2. clinical uses?

Answer 29

1. no, high doses of PCP (phencycline/ angels dust) or amph are better giving better psychomimetic effects (mimicking psychosis) 2. no current uses

Question 30

Self administration of LSD? 1. Animals 2. Humans

Answer 30

1. does not generally occur, animals usually find LSD aversive 2. LSD is taken episodically, and does not typically increase over time.

Question 31

Lysergic Acid Amide: 1. found in what ? 2. compare to LSD effect? 3. Commercially available?

Answer 31

1. morning glory seeds (Ololiuqui ) 2. inferior to LSD 3. yes, seeds are coated with an emetic so you puke if you try to administer them

Question 32

``` Mescaline: 1. from? 2. hallucinations? 3. Is there amnesia or mental clouding? 4. Chemical characteristics: A. BBB? and Placenta? B. half life? C. sympathomimetic effects? ```

Answer 32

1. peyote cactus 2. clear visual hallucinations; geometric patterns and intense, saturated colours 3. NO 4. A. pass poorly...require high doses B. 6 hours C. some, due to noradrenergic properties

Question 33

``` Psilocybin and Psilocin A. from? B. Aztecs called it? C. Perceptual distortions? D. Other two distortions? ```

Answer 33

A. Psilocybe (Magic Muschrooms) B. Teonanacatl= God's flesh C. time and space D. Body image distortions and out of the body effects (depersonalization)

Question 34

Myristicin and Elemicin : A. Found in? B. resembles chemically? C. Effects?

Answer 34

A. nutmeg and mace B. mescaline C. Euphoria, but also unpleasant toxic effects (similar to anticholinergic hallucinogens)

Question 35

withdrawal??

Answer 35

- no withdrawal ever documented b/c never taken continuously for any period of time...and do not lead to physical dependance