Chapter 15-Innate & Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

Immunity

Answer 1

Protection from infectious disease

Question 2

Immune response

Answer 2

Collective, coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system

Question 3

Innate immunity

Answer 3

“Native”

• Always present
• Rapidly attacks non-self microbes
• recognizes / reacts against specific microbes

Mechanisms include:

• epithelial barriers
• phagocytic cells
• plasma proteins
• cell messenger molecules

Question 4

Plasma proteins

Answer 4

Help to identify self from abnormal

Question 5

Adaptive immunity

Answer 5

“Acquired” “specific”

Attacks specific microbes with lymphocytes and their products

Develops less quickly, only after exposure to the specific antigen, yet is more efficient
-You have been exposed to the antigen once before but only on the second exposure will you possibly have an issue.
Mechanisms include: (humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity)

Question 6

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 6

Mechanisms of adaptive

Antibody proteins in the blood that attack the specific antigen

B cells are responsible for humoral immunity

Two types of responses occur in the development of humoral immunity …Primary and secondary

Question 7

What is cell mediated immunity?

Answer 7

Mechanism of adaptive

Phagocytic cells that attack the specific antigen

Question 8

Chemotaxis

Answer 8

Moves antigens around by use of chemicals

Question 9

Opsonization

Answer 9

Pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte

“Flag” chemical receptor

Question 10

Pathogen lysis

Answer 10

Destruction, death of pathogen

Question 11

Effector cells

Answer 11

Primary function of eliminating the antigens by

1. chemotaxis
2. opsonization
3. pathogen lysis

Question 12

Epitopes

Answer 12

immunologically active sites in bacteria surfaces
-Have the bacteria, they have active sites, lymphocytes and antibodies recognize those active sites on the bacteria, the lymphocytes can tell that it is bacteria because of these epitopes.

Question 13

Regulatory cells

Answer 13

Assist in orchestrating and controlling the immune response

Question 14

A vaccination is an example of adaptive immunity?

Answer 14

True

Secondary humoral response

Question 15

Macrophages

Answer 15

Mature forms of monocytes

They are in all tissue, circulate in the blood, live long, and engulf and kill microorganisms

Question 16

Activation of lymphocytes is dependent on processing and presentation of antigens by the …

Answer 16

Macrophages

Question 17

Granulocytes

Answer 17

Densely staining granules in the cytoplasm

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 18

Dendritic cells

Answer 18

long finger like processes

Found in skin tissue and lymphoid tissue, important for initiation of adaptive immunity

once activated, they migrate to the regional lymph nodes

release many communication molecules directing the immune response

Question 19

Antigen

Answer 19

A substance that induces the formation of antibodies because it is recognized by the immune system as a threat

Bad Guy-Invader

Question 20

lymphocytes

Answer 20

Generated from stem cells in the bone marrow

nearly almost all reside in lymph

25% - 35% of blood leukocytes

Question 21

B Lymphocytes

Answer 21

Mature in the bone marrow

Essential for humoral or antibody mediated immunity

Question 22

T lymphocytes

Answer 22

completed its maturation in the thymus and function in the peripheral tissues to produce cell mediated immunity as well as aiding antibody production

Question 23

IgA

Answer 23

Primary defense against local infections - mucosal tissues

Prevents the attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial cells

Question 24

IgD

Answer 24

Serves as an antigen reception for initiating the differentiation of B cells

Question 25

IgE

Answer 25

Involved in inflammation, allergic responses and combating parasitic infections

Question 26

IgG

Answer 26

Protects against bacteria, toxins and viruses in body fluid and activates the complement system

Question 27

IgM

Answer 27

The first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to an antigen

Question 28

Natural killer cells

Answer 28

- First line of defense - Effector cells - important in innate immunity - Can kill tumor cells, virus infected cells and intracellular matrix

Question 29

Lymphoid organs

Answer 29

helps to process any antigens

Question 30

Thymus

Answer 30

In the neck region above the heart Produce T cells

Question 31

Lymph nodes

Answer 31

Small aggregates of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels throughout the body Helps to encapsulate antigens

Question 32

Spleen

Answer 32

high in the left abdominal cavity

Question 33

Secondary lymphoid tissue

Answer 33

Membranes lining the respiratory digestive and urogenital tracts

Question 34

Cytokines

Answer 34

Chemicals that control the immune response Inflammatory mediators, growth factors, cell communication molecules Once T cells are activated they secrete cytokines Cytokines activate and regulate nearly all other cells involved in the immune systems response

Question 35

Active immunity

Answer 35

Acquired through immunizations or actually having a disease

Question 36

Passive immunity

Answer 36

Transferred from another source Breast milk and placenta and anti-venom

Question 37

Active immunity is achieved much more quickly than passive immunity?

Answer 37

False Active immunity takes longer Passive immunity gives them an innate immunity

Question 38

What is the primary response development of the humoral immunity?

Answer 38

Primary immune response occurs when the antigen is first introduced into the body As soon as host is exposed, immediate reaction

Question 39

What is the secondary response development of humoral immunity?

Answer 39

secondary response occurs on the second or subsequent exposure to the antigen Exposure to it once at first Ex: vaccine, allergy shots

Question 40

Describe cell mediated immunity

Answer 40

T cells mediate this type of immunity Provides protection against viruses, intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells The actions of T cells and effector macrophages predominate

Question 41

What concerns should be noted when dealing with the elderly's immune systems?

Answer 41

- decreased ability to adapt to environment - decreased response to immune system - more susceptible to infections - more likely to have immune disorders - vaccinations are less effective - more prone to cancers

Question 42

What do cell messenger molecules do?

Answer 42

Get the word out that there is an invader

Question 43

chemotaxis

Answer 43

moves the antigen around by the use of chemicals

Question 44

opsonization

Answer 44

pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte

Question 45

What are the 3 types of Granulocytes?

Answer 45

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils