Chapter 15 Parenterals Flashcards
(24 cards)
Refers to injectable routes of administration
Parenteral
Bacterial endotoxins. Organic metabolic products shed from gram negative bacteria, which can cause fever and hypotension when patients are on excessive amount of intravenous injections.
Pyrogens
Used to when rapid drug action is desired as in;
Emergencies
Uncooperative patient
Unconscious patient
Unable to accept oral medication
Drug itself is ineffective by other routes
Parenteral routes
Commonly administered by diabetics
Insulin injection
Earliest injectable drug to receive official recognition which appeared first in the 1874 addendum to the 1876 British pharmacopeia
1888 in the first addition of the national formulary of US
Hypodermic morphine solution
Drugs injected into joints
Intra-articular
Drugs injected to the joint fluid area
Intrasynovial
Drugs injected into the spinal column
Intraspinal
Drugs injected into the spinal fluid
Intrathecal
Drugs injected into the arteries
Intra-arterial
Drugs injected to the heart
Intracardiac
Drugs injected into the veins
Intravenous
Drugs injected into the muscles
Intramuscular
Drugs injected into the skin
Intradermal or intracutaneous
Drug injected under the skin
Subcutaneous or hypodermic
Scientific origin of this is in the 1656 experiment of Sir Christopher Wren
Intravenous route
He is the architect of Saint Paul’s Cathedral and amateur physiologist. He use the bladder and quill for a syringe and needle. He injected, wine, opium, and other substances into the veins of dogs and studied their effects.
Sir Christopher Wren
He was the first to give intravenous medication to humans in 1662
But it was abandoned for a period because patient experienced thrombosis and embolism.
Johan Daniel Major of Kiel
The period in which the invention of hypodermic created new interest in intravenous techniques
Middle of 19th century
The period in which intravenous administration of solutions of sodium chloride and glucose became popular
20th century
These conditions may be induced by intravenous needles and catheters
Thrombus and embolus formation
They provide rapid action compared with other routes of administration.
Optimum blood levels may be achieved with accuracy and immediacy, not possible by other routes.
Intravenous drugs
In emergency situations, this may be a lifesaver. The drug placement is directly into the circulation and the prompt action that ensues.
Once drug is administered this way, it cannot be retrieved.
Intravenous administration
Best peripheral veins for venipuncture
Basilic and cephalic veins
