Chapter 15 Study Guide

Question 1

what is a result of venous thrombosis?

Answer 1

peripheral edema is a result of venous thrombosis?

Question 2

thrombus vs embolus

Answer 2

thrombus = stationary blood clot formed within a vessel or chamber of heart

embolus = traveling blood clot

Question 3

embolus leaving L ventricle

Answer 3

ischemic stroke

Question 4

embolus leaving R ventricle

Answer 4

pulmonary embolus

Question 5

pulmonary embolism is caused when what happens?

Answer 5

embolus leaving R ventricle

Question 6

ischemic stroke is caused when what happens?

Answer 6

embolus leaving L ventricle

Question 7

in venous system, obstruction manifests as?

Answer 7

in venous system, obstruction manifests as edema

Question 8

in arterial system, obstruction manifests as?

Answer 8

in arterial system, obstruction manifests as distal ischemia

Question 9

A. fib causes?

Answer 9

ischemic stroke

Question 10

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) causes?

Answer 10

pulmonary embolism

Question 11

when there is a blood clot, there is ischemia downstream

Answer 11

downstream = after/beyond the obstruction

this means that there is reduced blood flow after/beyond the obstruction

Question 12

when there is a blood clot, there is congestion upstream

Answer 12

upstream = before the obstruction

this means that there is increased pressure before the obstruction

Question 13

what are two consequences of congestion upstream?

Answer 13

congestion upstream = increased pressure before the obstruction

congestion leads to
1. blood clot formation
2. edema = fluid accumulation in tissue

Question 14

atherosclerosis

Answer 14

hardening and narrowing in medium and large sized arteries due to plaque build up

• first hit = endothelial injury → initiates inflammatory response → macrophages and smooth muscle cells eat lipids = foam cells → hardening and narrowing occurs

Question 15

what does a blood vessel obstruction result in?

Answer 15

• reduced flow beyond obstruction (downstream) → ischemia
• increased pressure above/before the obstruction (upstream) → congestion

Question 16

aneurysms

Answer 16

aneurysms = when artery protrudes/bulges outward

• they are found in cerebral → brain, and thoracic and abdominal aorta

Question 17

types of aneurysms

Answer 17

true aneurysms

saccular = one side balloon
fusiform = both sides balloon out
berry = balloon has a stem/neck

Question 18

acute arterial occlusion

Answer 18

acute arterial occlusion = may result from thrombi/emboli or mechanical compression (cast too tight) → no arterial circulation → medical emergency

clinical manifestations = 6 Ps
1. pallor = pale skin
2. paresthesia = numbness/pins and needles
3. paralysis
4. pain
5. polar = cold temp
6. pulseless

Question 19

artery primary tissue?

Answer 19

artery = mainly smooth muscle

Question 20

veins primary tissue?

Answer 20

veins = mainly connective tissue

Question 21

what vein is mostly affected in varicose veins?

Answer 21

greater saphenous vein is most commonly affected

Question 22

DVT vs varicose veins

Answer 22

• DVT = deep vein thrombosis = usually due to thrombus in deep vein of lower extremity
• varicose veins = impaired venous return results in superficial, darkened, raised, and tortuous (twisted) veins → this can be caused by vein valves not working properly = allowing blood to flow backwards