Chapter 15: Western Europe Extends its Influence Flashcards
Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)
This French king converted to Catholicism to solidify his power, reflecting monarchs’ willingness to think like the Politiques (moderates who approached ruling with practicality rather than theology).
He emphasized national sovereignty and had an advisor named Jean Bodin who convinced him that he had the divine right of the monarchy (the right to rule was given to a king by God).
He sanctioned religious toleration of the Huguenots (French Calvinists) through the Edict of Nantes, which provided religious toleration in France for the next 87 years.
Charles V, Holy Roman Empire
Charles V was the nephew to the former queen of England, Katherine. He fought against the German Schmalkaldic League. After being unable to stop the spread of Lutheranism, he resigned from his position as the head of the Holy Roman Empire. He gave Spain to his son Philip II and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand.
Philip II
He was given control over Spain by his father Charles V after he stepped down from being the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. As king, Philip II took the Catholic crusade to the Netherlands and ruled its 17 provinces for several years. He later tried to conquer and convert England, but the 1588 English naval power, aided by bad weather, famously defeated his Spanish Armada. This defeat marked the fall of Spanish global power.
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand
They were Spanish rulers in the new monarchies of the Renaissance. These new monarchies developed because of how certain leaders wanted to centralize power by controlling taxes, the army, and many religious aspects. Because of the English Tudors, French Valois, and also Isabella & Ferdinand, bureaucracies increased and middle class power increased, albeit at the expense of lords and churches, for new monarchies moved to curb the private armies of the nobility.
James I
In England, the Stuart king wrote The True Law of Free Monarchy, asserting that each monarch was free to make the laws as they pleased, which Parliament disagreed with.
Jean Bodin
He was the advisor to Henry IV, who advocated the divine right of the monarchy (the claim that the right to rule was given to a king by God).
Charles I
Signed the Petition of Right, which restated the proposition that the monarch couldn’t levy taxes without Parliament’s consent, imprison chargeless persons, or quarter soldiers in a private home without permission. However, he ignored the Petition of Right and did not call a meeting of Parliament for 11 years. This led to the [1642] English Civil War.
Oliver Cromwell
He was a Protestant and dictator-like layperson of Parliament who later became king after Charles I’s controversy with the Petition of Right. Although Parliament and its leaders Cromwell and his son were in the ascendancy for much of the English Civil War, a 1660 compromise allowed for the previously exiled Charles II to become the new Stuart king.
Charles II
He had previously been exiled, but was allowed to return to England to become the new Stuart king after the reign of Oliver Cromwell.
James II
He was the son of Charles II. He caused a break with Parliament again out of fear that he would convert to Catholicism and force the country to follow.
William and Mary
In 1688, a group of lords invited William and Mary, the Protestant monarchs of the Netherlands, to become joint rulers of England > Glorious Revolution when James II fled the country.
In 1689, the two signed the English Bill of Rights assuring individual civil liberties. The document made it so that a legal process was required before someone could be arrested/detained and required Parliament to agree on matters of taxation and raising an army.
Although the Toleration Act of 1689 granted freedom of worship to non-Anglicans, the law said that the English monarch had to be Anglican since they would be head of the Church of England.
Cardinal Richelieu
He was the minister to Louis XIII of France. He wanted even greater centralization of government and the development of the system of intendants (royal officials sent out to the provinces to execute the orders of the central government, sometimes “tax farmers” for overseeing the collection of various taxes for the royal government).
Louis XIV
He helped to implement the financial system put into place by his finance minister Jean-Baptise Colbert (French manufactured goods more competitive by creating the Five Great Farms, an area free from internal taxes).
Louis XIV strongly espoused a theory of divine right and ruled as a virtual dictator. He gained the throne of Spain for his Bourbon family > War of the Spanish Succession. However, the Peace of Utrecht stipulated that the same person could not hold the thrones of France and Spain simultaneously. In paying for his wars, Louis XIV contributed to the economic problems of France, leading to the French Revolution of 1789.
The Parlement of Paris played a major role in stimulating the nobility to resist the expansion of royal power by military force during the Fronde. In the end, Louis XIV won out and the nobility was humiliated.
Prince Henry the Navigator
He was the Portuguese ruler who pioneered funding for international exploration through seafaring expeditions, searching for an all-water route to the east and for African gold.
social contract
The agreement under which people give up some of their rights in exchange for the benefits of living in a community under the protection of a government, created by Thomas Hobbes.
Francis Bacon
An English scientist and philosopher who developed an early scientific method called empiricism, which emphasized the collection of data to support a hypothesis.
Sir Issac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton combined Galileo’s laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler’s laws of planetary motion in a work on gravitational force called Principia. The ideas in Principia impacted science and mathematics and helped lead a new vision of the world.
philosophes
Writers outside the scientific community. They were philosophers who popularized some Enlightenment ideals and worked to apply the principles to government and to society. French writers like Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau praised religious toleration and the English form of representative government.
Schmalkaldic League
They were a German Lutheran group which fought against Charles V’s forces in 1546/47. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg allowed each German state to choose whether its rulers—and therefore all of its churches and inhabitants—would be Catholic or Lutheran. People who rejected their ruler’s choice of religion could move to another state where their preferred religion was practiced.
Omani-European rivalry
As more and more Europeans became active in the Indian Ocean, there were more clashes between Europeans and Islamic traders from Oman and other kingdoms in the Omani-European rivalry. Christopher Columbus’ search for a new route to India was supposed to be the way to avoid this competition.
Bartholomew Diaz
Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, but feared a mutiny and turned around back home.
Vasco da Gama
Landed in India where he claimed territory for Portugal. The Portuguese ports were a key step in expanding trade in the Indian Ocean and with points farther east.
Ferdinand Magellan
Although Ferdinand Magellan passed away, one of his ships actually circumnavigated the world. This proved that the world was round, not flat. In 1521, Spain annexed the Philippines when Magellan’s fleet arrived there. In 1565, Spain returned with strong forces and a long campaign to conquer Filipinos, who put up fierce resistance. Manila became a Spanish commercial center in the area, attracting Chinese merchants and others. Spain held onto Manila until the Spanish-American War.
cottage industry
Local women in rural households were given cloth to make into garments. This turned into the practice of “putting-out” or the cottage industry.
John Locke
In Two Treatises of Government, he argued that it was the people’s right, and even a duty, to rebel against a government that exceeded its power. He wanted very limited government.
Peace of Augsburg
The Schmalkaldic League was a German Lutheran group who fought again Charles V’s forces in 1546/47. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg allowed each German state to choose whether its rulers—and therefore all of its churches and inhabitants—would be Catholic or Lutheran. People who rejected their ruler’s choice of religion could move to another state where their preferred religion was practiced.
Edict of Nantes
Henry IV allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith and provided religious toleration in France for the next 87 years.
Thirty Years’ War
The final great religious war between Catholics and Protestants in Europe was this war from 1618-48 > great economic catastrophe for Europe, mainly from troops who were allowed to loot as part of their compensation > widespread FSD (famine, starvation, and disease).
The Peace of Westphalia allowed each area of the HRE to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism. Then, FR-IT-SP were predominantly Catholic, while Northern Europe was either Lutheran or Calvinist. EN was Protestant with a state church. The religious map of Europe remained fairly stable after this period, as allowing rulers of various areas of the HRE to choose a denomination gave the countries and duchies unprecedented autonomy. This led to the states of Prussia and Austria asserting themselves.
English Civil War/Puritan Revolution
[1642] The English Civil War or Puritan Revolution broke out between supporters of the Stuart monarchy and supporters of Parliament, many of whom were Puritans. The dispute was mainly over what powers Parliament should have in relation to those of the monarch. However, the roots of the conflict can be traced back to the [1215] Magna Carta and the foundation of the [1265] English Parliament. [1628] The Petition of Right restated the proposition that the monarch could not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent, imprison chargeless persons, or quarter soldiers in a private home without permission. Although Charles I signed the document, he proceeded to ignore it and did not call a meeting of Parliament for 11 years. [1642] Years later, he was at war with Parliament.
Toleration Act of 1689
Under William and Mary, this act granted freedom of worship to non-Anglicans, but that the English monarch had to be Anglican since they would be head of the Church of England.
maritime empires
[SPF-GH or SP, Portugal, GB, FR, and Holland] established maritime empires, ones based on sea travel.
Great Peace of Montreal
FR and EN vied for dominance in North America, where EN settlers formed alliances with the powerful Iroquois, who had been in conflict with the French over trade issues for decades. The Iroquois realized over time that the English posed more of a threat than the French, so the Iroquois and the FR shifted alliances in a peace treaty known as the [1701] Great Peace of Montreal.
sepoys
English-trained Indian private forces helped the British East India Company move inland and spread its influence.
Parlements
The Parlement of Paris played a major role in stimulating the nobility to resist the expansion of royal power by military force during the Fronde, 1648–49. In the end, King Louis XIV won out and the nobility was humiliated.
