Chapter 16 Flashcards by Guadalupe Rodriguez

Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.

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Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.

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Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.

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Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

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Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.

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Growth hormone

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Follicle stimulating hormone

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Prolactin

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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Thyroid stimulating hormone

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An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland.

Graves’ disease

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Hyposecretion of growth hormone.

Pituitary dwarfism

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Hyposecretion of the pancreas.

Diabetes mellitus

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Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex.

Addison’s disease

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Hypersecretion of growth hormone.

Acromegaly

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Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults.

Myxedema

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Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex.

Cushing’s disease

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Hypersecretion of growth hormone.

Acromegaly

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Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants.

Cretinism

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The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.

Hypophysis

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The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction.

Adrenal medulla

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Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.

Pancreas

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Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue.

Parathyroid

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Produces the body’s major metabolic hormones.

Thyroid

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Testosterone production A) Hormonal stimulus B) Humoral stimulus C) Neural stimulus

A) Hormonal stimulus

Epinephrine production A) Hormonal stimulus B) Humoral stimulus C) Neural stimulus

C) Neural stimulus

Aldosterone production A) Hormonal stimulus B) Humoral stimulus C) Neural stimulus

A) Hormonal stimulus

Parathyroid hormone production A) Hormonal stimulus B) Humoral stimulus C) Neural stimulus

B) Humoral stimulus

``` Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. A) aldosterone B) insulin C) secretin D) cortisol ```

D) cortisol

``` Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. A) adrenal medulla B) pancreas C) thyroid gland D) thymus gland ```

D) thymus gland

``` Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. A) calcium B) deactivating ions C) nucleotides D) second messengers ```

D) second messengers

``` Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) enzyme B) humoral C) neural D) hormonal ```

D) hormonal

``` Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A) enzymes B) antibodies C) proteins D) hormones ```

D) hormones

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. A) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland B) is partly contained within the infundibulum C) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis D) is the site of prolactin synthesis

B) is partly contained within the infundibulum

``` Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polyuria B) polydipsia C) polyphagia D) polycythemia ```

D) polycythemia

Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? A) blood levels of hormone B) type of hormone C) number of receptors for that hormone D) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone

B) type of hormone

Oxytocin ________. A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion C) exerts its most important effects during menstruation D) controls milk production

A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

``` ADH ________. A) increases urine production B) promotes dehydration C) is produced in the adenohypophysis D) is inhibited by alcohol ```

D) is inhibited by alcohol

``` Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction? A) permissiveness B) synergism C) antagonism D) feedback ```

D) feedback

Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? A) activates or deactivates enzymes B) stimulates production of an action potential C) alters plasma membrane permeability D) induces secretory activity

B) stimulates production of an action potential

``` Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure? A) gastrin B) secretin C) leptin D) renin ```

C) leptin

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) a change in membrane potential B) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis C) an increase in enzymatic activity D) direct control of the nervous system

D) direct control of the nervous system

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ D) nothing—all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific

C) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

``` Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A) hepatic portal system B) general circulatory system C) hypophyseal portal system D) feedback loop ```

C) hypophyseal portal system

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release B) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional C) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene B) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity C) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA D) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones

A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time B) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ C) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane B) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time C) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

D) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. A) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers B) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit

C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells C) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone

B) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

``` When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) angiotensinogen D) renin ```

B) epinephrine

``` One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) carbohydrate oxidation B) catabolic inhibition C) protein synthesis D) humoral stimulation ```

D) humoral stimulation

``` The major targets of growth hormone are ________. A) the blood vessels B) the adrenal glands C) the liver D) bones and skeletal muscles ```

D) bones and skeletal muscles

Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? A) activation of osteoclasts B) increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys C) increase in intestinal absorption of calcium ions D) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

D) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis

``` Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A) the heart B) the kidney C) the skin D) the spleen ```

A) the heart

``` Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A) testosterone B) estrogen C) cortisol D) epinephrine ```

C) cortisol

``` Leptin is secreted by ________. A) lymphocytes B) adipocytes C) goblet cells D) fibroblasts ```

B) adipocytes

``` The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________. A) insulin B) aldosterone C) glucagon D) cortisol ```

B) aldosterone

``` Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? A) estrogen B) aldosterone C) epinephrine D) cortisone ```

C) epinephrine

``` The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________. A) calcitonin B) parathyroid hormone C) thyroid hormone D) gonadotropic hormones ```

B) parathyroid hormone

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems B) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates D) hormone binding to intracellular receptors

A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. A) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary C) travel by arteries to the pituitary D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

D) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

ACTH ________. A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone C) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla D) is not a tropic hormone

B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone

Aldosterone ________. A) is secreted by the neurohypophysis B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption C) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood D) production is greatly influenced by ACTH

B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption

``` Which organ does not produce hormones? A) heart B) kidney C) spleen D) skin ```

C) spleen

``` In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________. A) sensitivity increase B) cellular affinity C) up-regulation D) a stressor reaction ```

C) up-regulation

``` Eicosanoids do not include ________. A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) hydrocortisones D) prostaglandins ```

C) hydrocortisones

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males. B) A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility. C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. D) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.

C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It causes positive feedback. B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response. C) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. D) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.

B) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure B) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure C) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin D) by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response

A) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

``` What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid—based hormones? A) iron B) calcium C) sodium D) chlorine ```

B) calcium

Which hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?

Steroid

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

Prolactin

Acromegaly and gigantism are the result of ________ of growth hormone.

Hypersecretion

The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the ________.

Thyroid

Which hormone stimulates production of RBCs?

Erythropoietin

Alpha islet cells produce ________, an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone.

Glucagon

The ________ gland may influence our day/night cycles and even regulate the onset of sexual maturity.

Pineal

The ________ gland is especially large in early childhood, then declines in size and function with age.

Thymus

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure can result in a condition called ________.

Acromegaly

As a result of stress the adenohypophysis releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats.

ACTH

Compare the structure and function of endocrine and exocrine glands.

Ductless directly into bloodstream, ducted ro an open area

Why should the hypothalamus instead of the adenohypophysis be called the "master endocrine gland"?

Controls pituitary

Why would one not expect to continue increasing in height with age?

GH decreases, epiphyseal plate forms into line

A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently. Why?

Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion

How is the heart involved as an endocrine gland?

Secretes ANP inhibits Aldosterone

Glucagon and insulin both target the cells of the liver and are both made in the pancreas, yet they have very different effects on the cells they target. What accounts for this fact?

Use different receptors

``` A major difference between neurotransmitters and hormones is that hormones are secreted _______. A) directly onto their target cell B) into the CSF C) into ducts D) into the blood ```

D) into the blood

A major determinant of a hormone's mechanism of action is ______. A) whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic B) its size C) whether it is rapid acting or slow acting D) if it activates gene activity or not

A) whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Receptors for steroid hormones are commonly located _______. A) inside the target cell B) on the plasma membrane of the target cell C) in the blood plasma D) in the extracellular fluid

A) inside the target cell

``` Interaction with a membrane-bound receptor will transduce the hormonal message via ________. A) depolarization B) direct gene activation C) a second messenger D) endocytosis ```

C) a second messenger

``` Which of the following molecules act as second messangers? A) cAMP B) Ca2+ C) Inositol triphosphate D) all of the above ```

D) all of the above

In order for a hormone to activate a target cell, the target cell must posses ______.

a receptor

when the pancreas releases insulin in direct response to blood glucose, this is an example of _____ stimulation.

humoral

when an infant suckles at his mother's breast, the mother's neurohypophysis releases oxytocin. this is an emample of _____ simulation.

neural

When the ovaries secrete estrogen in response to the hormone GnRH, this is an example of ______ stimulation.

hormonal

Blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by _____ mechanisms.

negative feedback

Hormones secreted into the hypophyseal portal system are delivered directly to the _____.

adenophypophysis

Secretions from the corticotrophs activate cells of the ______, while secretions from the gonadotrophs affect cells of the ______.

adrenal cortex: gonads

A patient is displaying high volumes of urine output and serve dehydration. The most likely cause is _____.

hyposecretion of ADH

Common secretion(s) of the thyroid gland is (are) ______. a. calcitonin b. triiodothyronine c. thyroxine d. all of the above

d. all of the above

A patient is losing weight rapidly, sweating profusely, and is always anxious. The patient may be suffering from ______.

hypothyroidism

Occasionally, a female patient will experience hirsutism, or excessive facial hair growth. However, blood tests reveal that her levels of testosterone are normal for a female. Another cause could be hypersecretion of _______.

gonadocorticoids

Two hormones govern calcium regualtions. _____ acts to elevate blood calcuim levels, whereas _____ lowers blood calcium levels.

PTH, calcitonin

______ is the adrenal hormone responsible for mantaining appropriate blood sodium levels.

Aldosterone

During times of stress, elevated levels of _____ often occur, which explains why we get cold during final exam time.

Cortisol

Along with the sympathetic NS, the ______ is the other primary mediator of acute stress.

adrenal medulla

The secretion of _____ helps regulate our circadian rhythms.

melatonin