Chapter 16

Question 1

Whose group showed that genes are located on chromosomes?

Answer 1

Thomas Hunt Morgan’s

Question 2

What are the 2 components of chromosomes that became candidates for the genetic material?

Answer 2

Protein and DNA

Question 3

Whose research began the discovery of the genetic role of the DNA?

Answer 3

Frederick Griffith

Question 4

What is the Griffith Experiment?

Answer 4

He mixed heat-killed remains of the pathogenic strain with living cells of the harmless strain, some living cells became pathogenic.

Question 5

What did Griffith called his experiment?

Answer 5

The transformation

Question 6

This is the change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of foreign DNA.

Answer 6

Transformation

Question 7

Who identified the transforming substance as DNA

Answer 7

Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and Colin MacLeod

Question 8

Were scientists skeptical about the Oswald experiment?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

Who showed that DNA is the genetic material of a bacteriophage known as T2?

Answer 9

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Question 10

An infectious agent that is mostly made up of a genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat.

Answer 10

Virus

Question 11

Who found a relationship among DNA bases that turned out to be an important clue to DNA structure?

Answer 11

Erwin Chargaff and his colleagues

Question 12

Do DNA vary between species?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

Who used X-ray diffraction to determine 3D structure and measurements of the DNA molecule

Answer 13

Rosalind Franklin

Question 14

Who applied the information and began to build scale models of DNA components

Answer 14

Watson and Crick

Question 15

What are the two bases under Purines?

Answer 15

Adenine and Guanine

Question 16

What are the two bases under Pyrimidines?

Answer 16

Thymine and Cytosine

Question 17

Which of the bases are equal?

Answer 17

Adenine (A) and Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)

Question 18

What consists of the pentose sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases?

Answer 18

DNA Nucleotide

Question 19

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?

Answer 19

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine

Question 20

The nucleotides are linked by covalent bonds, called____.

Answer 20

Phosphodiester Bonds

Question 21

Where does DNA replication start?

Answer 21

Origin of replication

Question 22

What is the type of virus that infects bacteria?

Answer 22

Bacteriophages

Question 23

This breaks one or both DNA molecules and rejoins them, this prevents the supercoiling of the DNA and relaxing it during replication.

Answer 23

Topoisomerase

Question 24

An enzyme that destabilize the double helical structure of the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds of complimentary bases.

Answer 24

Helicase

Question 25

This binds to single DNA strands and stabilizes it. This will prevent the double helix from reforming until it is replicated.

Answer 25

Single-strand Binding (SSB) Protein

Question 26

Synthesizes a short RNA strands to begin the production of new DNA strand.

Answer 26

DNA Primase

Question 27

What is the short RNA strands called?

Answer 27

primer

Question 28

This links the nucleotides to form a new DNA strand that is complementary to the template strand

Answer 28

DNA Polymerase

Question 29

Links the Okazaki fragments together

Answer 29

DNA Ligase

Question 30

What are the 2 other repair mechanisms

Answer 30

Mismatch Repair & Nucleotide Excision Repair

Question 31

Enzymes recognize and remove the incorrectly paired nucleotides. Then, DNA polymerases fill in the missing nucleotides.

Answer 31

Mismatch repair

Question 32

Used to cut and repair DNA lesions which is commonly caused by the UV rays from the sun.

Answer 32

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Question 33

What can create problems for the linear DNA eukaryotes?

Answer 33

Limitations

Question 34

a special nucleotide sequence at the end of the DNA

Answer 34

Telomeres

Question 35

Enzyme that lengthens the telomeres.

Answer 35

Telomerase

Question 36

Bacterial chromosome's DNA is associated with a ___ amount of protein.

Answer 36

Small amount

Question 37

Eukaryotic chromosomes have DNA molecules associated with a ____ amount of protein.

Answer 37

Large amount

Question 38

In DNA packaging, DNA is precisely combined with proteins in a complex called _____.

Answer 38

chromatin

Question 39

Proteins called ____ are responsible for the first level of packing in chromatin.

Answer 39

histones

Question 40

What are the two types of chromatin during interphase?

Answer 40

Heterochromatin & Euchromatin

Question 41

Highly condensed chromatin. Thus, inaccessible for gene expression.

Answer 41

Heterochromatin

Question 42

Loosely packed chromatin, making the DNA accessible for gene expression.

Answer 42

Euchromatin