Chapter 16 Flashcards by Madison wilder

What kind of drug is prednisone?

its a corticosteriod and its anti-inflammatory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

inhibit inflammation; inhibit many targets including cytokine production by macrophages

corticosteriods

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what drugs are considered cytotoxic?

azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

inhibit proliferation of lymphocytes by interfering with DNA synthesis

azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the non-cytotoxic drugs?

cyclosporin A, tacrolimus (FK506) and Rapamycin (sirolimus)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

inhibit the calcnineurin-dependent activation of NFAT; block IL-2 production by T cells and proliferation by T cells

cyclosporin A and Tacrolimus (FK506)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

inhibits proliferation of effector T cells by blocking raptor dependent mToR activation

rapamycin (sirolimus)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what type of drugs controls egress of B/T cells from lymphoid organ to tissue?

Fingolimod (FTY270)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

blocks lymphocyte trafficking out of lymphoid tissues by interfering with signaling by sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor

fingolimod

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

corticosteriods are powerful anti-inflammatory drugs that alter the _____

transcription of many genes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prednisone: synthetic version of hormone ___. they are derivatives of ____family of steroid hormones, which maintain body’s homeostasis

cortisol
glucocorticoid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

corticosteroids cross plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors of the _____family

nuclear receptor family

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

activated glucocorticoid receptors are transported to nucleus where they bind to DNA and interact with other transcription factors to regulate ____

20% of genes in leukocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____cause immunosuppression by killing dividing cells but have serious side effects

cytotoxic drugs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cytotoxic dugs are toxic to all tissues, so use only when must elminate all dividing lymphocytes as in ______

Lymphoma/leukemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____interferes with CD28 co-stimulation of T cells, promoting their apoptosis. Blocks de novo synthesis of guanosine, inhibiting DNA synthesis. If this modified purine analog is incorporated, DNA more prone to mutations from UV radiations

Azathioprine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____alkylates DNA. Nitrogen mustard family.

cyclophosphamide

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cytotoxic drug’s are only used when_____

nothing else works, its a last resort

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Non-cytoxic drugs all bind to intracellular proteins called ____ interferes with signaling pathway important for lymphocyte expansion

immunophilins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cyclosporin A is derived from ___

soil fungus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tacrolimuse is from _____

filamentous bacterium streptomyces

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rapamycin is from ____

streptomyces bacterium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__-regulatory associated protein of mTOR

Raptor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____rapamycin insensitve companion of mTOR

rictor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Raptor MTOR= _____

cell proliferation

Rictor MTOR=______

influences cell adhesion, migration by influencing actin cytoskelton

when is a drug considered a novel drug?

when it is not considered corticosteroid, cytotoxic agent and non-cytoxic agent

novel drugs attack enzymes in ____

JAK/STAT pathway

____: inhibitors of JAK. Affecting T cell development

JAK-inhib

____: analog of a molecule needed to bring emigration of lymphocytes. This drug causes retention of lymphocytes in lymphoid organs and doesn't allow them reach target tissue

Fingolimod

_____against cell surface molecules can be used to eliminate lymphocyte subsets or to inhibit lymphocyte function

antibodies

Antibodies can be engineered to reduce their _____ in humans

immunogenicity

monocloonal antibodies as a therapeutic class are called ____

biologics

problem with monoclonal antibodies is they are often made in _____. to avoid reactions, must be made to be not recognized as foreign called _____

1. nonhuman species 2. humanization

____immunogenic in humans, fully made in mouse. limiting usefulness

omab

____chimeric, V region from mouse

Ximab

____: humanized; splicing in complementarity determining regions from mouse, further reducing immunogenicity (CDR region)

zumab

___: fully human, least immunogenic

umab

Rituximab is _____, ___ and _____

anti-CD-20, eliminates B cells, used in nonhodgkins lymphoma

alemtuzumab is _____, ____ and ____

anti-CD52, eliminates lymphocytes, crhonic myeloid leukemia

daclizumab and basiliximab is _____, ____ and ____

anti-IL-2R, reduces T cell activation, kidney transplantation

natalizumab is _____, ___ and _____

anti-alpha4 integrin, block lymphocyte trafficking, mutliple sclerosis

ipilimumab is _____ , ____ and ____

anti CTLA-4, increases CD4 T cell responses, metastic melanoma

monoclonal antibodies can be used to prevent allograft rejection, why do you give alemtuzumab, daclizumab and basiliximab?

1. alemtuzumab is given to recipient during transplantaion to remove mature T cells from circulation 2. daclizumab and basiliximab given to reduce T cell activation

____is anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. It binds to CD20 on B cells (not plasma cells) and induces apoptosis and depletes B cells for several months, treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

rituximab

Biologics that block ____, ____ or ____ can alleviate autoimmune diseases.

TNFalpha, IL-1 or IL-6

anti-TNF alpha antibodies, bind _____

bind TNF-alpha and block its activity

TNF receptor subunit protein called _____which also bind TNF alpha and neutralizes it

etanercept

1. Biologic agent can block cell migration to sites of inflammation and reduce immune responses -interaction between VLA-4 on lymphocytes and macrophages and VCAM-1 on endothelial cells permits adhesion of these cells to brain endothelium and facilitates their migration into the plaque regions in MS -Natalizumab binds to ____, blocks ____ and they can not _____

binds to the integrin, blocks interaction with VCAM-1 and they can not enter tissue and cause inflammation

some commonly used drugs have immunomodulatory properties: ____ and ___ used in heart disease can modulate immune response

statins and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

statis block enzyme ____ and reduce ____ levels in membranes. This affects cell signaling in ____.

1. HMG-Coa reductase 2. cholesterol 3. lymphocytes

ACE inhibitors: _____ is not made, this usually mediates pro-inflammatory responses

angiotensin II

copaxone for MS: four amino acids in ratios mimic the ____. forced to induce ____response which is protective (______)

1. myelin basic protein 2. Th2 3. shift the autoimmune T cell response to a less damaging one

-potential tumor rejection antigens: ___: cell cycle regulator and tumor type is melanoma

cyclin dependent kinase 4

-potential tumor rejection antigens: ____: regulator apoptosis and tumor type is squamous cell carcinoma

caspase 8

-potential tumor rejection antigens: ____: receptor tyrosine kinase and tumor type is breast/ovary

Her2/neu

tumor specific antigens that result from ___or ___ that happened during oncogenesis and affect a particular gene product

point mutations or gene rearangements

-categories of tumor rejection antigens ____: expressed only in particular tissues. example antigens expressed in melanocytes and melanoma cells, including the production of melanin

differentiation antigens

-categories of tumor rejection antigens ____: genes that are overexpressd in tumor cells, EX: HER2/neu is overexpressed in breast and ovarian cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. CTLs seen floating in these tumors, but unable to kill them.

abnormal/overexpression

-categories of tumor rejection antigens ____: such as under glycosylated mucin MUC-1 expressed by many tumors

molecules that have abnormal post translational modification

-categories of tumor rejection antigens ____: generated when introns left behind in mRNA from melanoma for example

Novel proteins

if a viral oncogene, then the proteins produced by viruses are unique and evoke a ____

T cell response

____are fusion receptors that have extracellular antigen specific domains fused to intracellular domains that provide signal for activation/co-stimulation -receptors introduced into T cells via retroviral vector to produce CAR T cells

CARs

_____: targets receptors HER2-neu. Overexpressed in 1/4 breast cancer patients. Acts by blocking binding of the natural unknown ligand, downregulates receptor expression and blocks tumor cell division

trastuzumab(Herceptin)

_____: anti-CD20 antibody in non-Hodgkins B cell lymphoma. It triggers apoptosis of B cells upon binding to CD-20 on their surface. to improve ability to get antibody tumor, not get used by soluble antigens; can link it to toxin: immunotoxin

rituximab

____and _____. antibdoy in internalized, toxin cleaved and that chain can kill cell

ricin A chain and Pseudomonas toxin

Chapter 16 Flashcards

(66 cards)