Chapter #16

Question 1

Personality Traits?

Answer 1

people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviour.

Question 2

What is Personality?

Answer 2

the characteristic ways that people differ from one another.

Question 3

Five-Factor Model - “The Big 5”?

Answer 3

• Openness
• Conscientiousness
• Extraversion
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism

Question 4

Childhood Experiences?

Answer 4

our past experiences, shape our unconscious mind and have a significant impact on our current behaviour.

Question 5

Unconscious Motives?

Answer 5

-wishes, impulses, aims, and drives of which the self is not aware.

Question 6

Conscious awareness?

Answer 6

Human beings are conscious and are aware of their awareness.

Question 7

The Self?

Answer 7

assumes that people are good and want to become their best selves.
-we are all unique.

Question 8

subjective feelings?

Answer 8

a person can only act in terms of their own private experience and subjective perception of reality.

Question 9

Interpretations of experience?

Answer 9

how our thoughts and perceptions shape our emotional experiences and behaviour.

Question 10

organization of reality?

Answer 10

consists of rational behaviors involving planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

Question 11

Expectations?

Answer 11

Expectations are brain states that reflect prior information about what is possible or probable of what comes next.

Question 12

Temperament?

Answer 12

Based on Hans Eysenck’s theory, there is a biological basis to personality, and Personality differences arise from genetics.

Question 13

Abilities?

Answer 13

individuals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to the environment.

Question 14

TRAIT (BIOLOGICAL) APPROACH: Enduring Characteristics?

Answer 14

• Also known as traits.
  like the “Big 5”

Question 15

environment?

Answer 15

the environmental or situational influences that impact behavior.

Question 16

Rewards and punishments?

Answer 16

• Behaviour that is reinforced (rewarded) will likely be repeated, and behaviour that is punished will occur less frequently

Question 17

Observable behaviour?

Answer 17

observing and modelling another individual’s behaviour, attitudes, or emotional expressions.

Question 18

Humanistic?

Answer 18

people have clear, well-defined goals and are actively striving to achieve them.

Question 19

PSYCHODYNAMIC?

Answer 19

people lack insight into their feelings and motives, their behaviour is influenced by processes outside their awareness.

Question 20

Objective Tests?

Answer 20

administering a standard set of questions, each is answered using a limited set of response options
- ex. true or false
- finals

Question 21

sibling contrast effect?

Answer 21

parents exaggerate the true magnitude of differences between their children.

Question 22

Projective tests?

Answer 22

require a person to give spontaneous answers that “project” their unique personality onto an random stimulus.

Question 23

Validity and Reliability?

Answer 23

concerning self-report and informant ratings.

Question 24

High-Stakes Testing?

Answer 24

personality test scores are used to
make important decisions about individuals, like applying for a job.

Question 25

Enhancement bias?

Answer 25

people are motivated to ignore their less desirable characteristics and focus instead on their more positive ones.

Question 26

reference group effect?

Answer 26

we base our self-perceptions, on how we compare to others in our cultural reference group.

Question 27

Letter of Recommendation?

Answer 27

the tendency for informants to produce unrealistically positive ratings in recommendations.

Question 28

Honeymoon Effect?

Answer 28

the tendency for informants to produce unrealistically positive ratings of newlyweds.