Chapter 16

Question 1

immunocompromised

Answer 1

term used to describe people vulnerable to invasion due to weaknesses or defects in the innate or adaptive immune system

Question 2

Mutualism

Answer 2

both parties benefit in the symbiotic relationship

Question 3

Commensalism

Answer 3

When one party benefits and the other is unaffected in a symbiotic relationship

Question 4

Parasitism

Answer 4

One organism benefits at the expense of the other in a symbiotic relationship

Question 5

parasite - eukaryotes

Answer 5

protozoa and helminths(worms)

Question 6

microbiome

Answer 6

total genetic info of the community

Question 7

Resident Microbiota

Answer 7

Microbes that typically inhabit body sites for extended periods

Question 8

Transient Microbiota

Answer 8

temporary occupants of body sites

Question 9

metagenomics

Answer 9

sequence analysis of DNA extracted directly from a given environment

Question 10

dysbiosis

Answer 10

an imbalance in the microbiome

Question 11

Hygiene Hypothesis

Answer 11

insufficient exposure to microbiome can lead to allergies and autoimmune disease

Question 12

Colonization

Answer 12

Establish and growth of a microbe in a particular environment

Question 13

infection

Answer 13

if a microbe has a parasitic relationship with the host

Question 14

subclinical infection

Answer 14

symptoms are mild enough to go unnoticed

Question 15

disease

Answer 15

condition that prevents the body from functioning normally

Question 16

infectious disease

Answer 16

infection that results in disease

Question 17

symptoms

Answer 17

subjective effects of the disease experienced by the patient
(e.x. pain and nausea)

Question 18

Signs

Answer 18

Objective evidence

(e.x. rash, pus formation, swelling)

Question 19

(Primary) pathogen

Answer 19

microorganism or virus that caused diseases in otherwise healthy organisms

(e.x. malaria, measles, influenza, strep throat, plague, tetanus, and tuberculosis)

Question 20

Opportunistic (Pathogen)

Answer 20

causes disease only when the body’s innate or adaptive defenses are compromised or when introduced into an unusual location

Question 21

Virulence

Answer 21

Degree of pathogenicity of an organism

Question 22

Virulence Factors

Answer 22

traits of a microorganism that specifically allow it to cause disease

Question 23

Communicable/Contagious Disease

Answer 23

Infectious diseases that spread from one host to another

Question 24

Infectious Dose

Answer 24

of microbes necessary to establish an infection

Question 25

ID_50

Answer 25

# of microbial cells that resulted in disease of 50% of the population

Question 26

Incubation Period

Answer 26

Time between the introduction of a microbe and the onset of the signs and symptoms

Question 27

Illness

Answer 27

Time period when a person experiences the signs and symptoms of the disease

Question 28

Prodromal Phase

Answer 28

Period before Illness where vague symptoms like malaise (general feeling of illness) and headaches

Question 29

Convalescence

Answer 29

stage of recuperation and recovery from the disease

Question 30

Carriers

Answer 30

Individuals who are asymptomatic but still harbor infectious agents and continue to spread the pathogen

Question 31

Acute Infections

Answer 31

symptoms that develop quickly but last a short time (e.x. strep throat)

Question 32

Chronic Infections

Answer 32

develop slowly and last for months or years (e.x. tuberculosis)

Question 33

Latent Infections

Answer 33

microbe exist in hose tissues and are held in check by the immune symptoms but are latent, but may reactive and become symptomatic (e.x. varicella-zoster virus, chickenpox to shingles)

Question 34

Localized Infection

Answer 34

microbe is limited to a small area (ex. S. aureus' boil)

Question 35

Systemic Infection

Answer 35

infectious agent disseminates through the body Include a a characteristic set of signs and symptoms (ex. Lyme disease)

Question 36

Toxemia

Answer 36

indicates that toxins are circulating through the bloodstream

Question 37

Viremia

Answer 37

indicates that viral particles are circulating in the bloodstream

Question 38

Balanced Pathogenicity

Answer 38

Pathogen becomes less virulent while the hose becomes less susceptible

Question 39

Adhesins

Answer 39

Components of pili or other surface structures like capisles and cell wall proteins

Question 40

Siderophores

Answer 40

pathogens that produce their own iron-binding molecules

Question 41

IgA Proteases

Answer 41

enzymes that cleave IgA antibodies

Question 42

type III secretion systems (injectisome)

Answer 42

syringe like structure that injects proteins into eukaryotic cells

Question 43

C5a peptidase

Answer 43

enzyme that degrades the complement system component C5a a chemoattractant that recruits phagocytic cells

Question 44

Membrane Damaging Toxins

Answer 44

kill phagocytes and other cells by forming pores in their membranes

Question 45

M protein

Answer 45

binds a compliment regulatory protein that inactivates C3b

Question 46

Serum Resistant Bacteria

Answer 46

bacteria that avoid killing by the complement protiens

Question 47

IgA protease

Answer 47

cleaves IgA

Question 48

Antigenic Variation

Answer 48

alters the molecules that antibodies would otherwise recognize

Question 49

Mimicking host molecules

Answer 49

pathogens that produce and cover themselves with molecules similar to those normally found in the host

Question 50

Exotoxins

Answer 50

Protiens that have very specific damaging effects that are secreted by the bacterium and can also leak into the surrounding fluid

Question 51

Toxoid Vaccines

Answer 51

inactivates toxins

Question 52

antitoxin

Answer 52

a treatment of suspension or neutralizing antibodies to treat symptoms of a toxin-mediated disease

Question 53

Neurotoxins

Answer 53

These damage the nervous system and cause symptoms like paralysis

Question 54

Enterotoxins

Answer 54

These cause symptoms associated with interstinal disturbance such as diarrhea and vomiting

Question 55

Cytotoxins

Answer 55

These damage a variety of different cell types either by interfering with essential cellular mechanisms or by lysing cells