chapter 16 Flashcards by tilly leicester

what did the nobles, intelligentsia, bourgeoisie face under b’vik rule?

-title of burzhui
not allowed to work
forced to undertake menial tasks
houses requisitioned

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when did the abolition of ‘class hierachy’ happen

november 1917

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what was the ‘socialist man’

publically engaged/committed to the community
give service - factory, farm & battle

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what is proletarianisation

to turn the mass of population to urban workers

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what restrictions did workers have during the civil war

internal passports
1921- workers could be shot/imprisoned if they failed to meet targets

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what harsh worker policies did stalin introduce

7 day working week and longer hours
missing work could result in dismissal /eviction
damaging machinery was a criminal offence
strikes were illegal

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what was the stakhanovite movement

increasing worker production through a story of a 1935 miner who mined 14x what he was expected.

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what did stalin’s purges do for the worker movement

targeted many intellectuals/white-collars
left vacancies ‘at the top’
job competition

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how were rural living conditions during stalin’s period

primitive

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how were urban living conditions during stalin

crowded in cramped communal communities
erratic water supplies and inadequate sanitation
shops were empty so queues/shortages were daily life

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how were real wages during the second five year plan

real wages had increased
lower in 1937 than in 1928
1928 had been a little higher than 1913

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when did rationing get phased out

1935

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what did proletarianisation do for women

liberation as there was a stronger desire for workers over gender stereotypes

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what did the november 1917 decree do for women’s rights

decreed against sex discrimination and gave women the right to own property

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what were other notable decrees for women

church influenced removed to only recognise civil marriage
1920 abortion was legalise
free contraceptive advice

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what was the new expectation of women

muscular, plain, expected to work
also coping with the family and household need

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what was stalin’s expectations of women

more traditional roles
propaganda of the family
abortion and divorce attacked

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how were women presented in literature S

feminine, family women with good children

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what anti-women legislations were introduced in 1936

large fees to deter divorce
contraception banned except to medical grounds
financial incentives offered to large families

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what is a quote from a 1930s poster to demonstrate these societal changes

‘tractors and creches are the engines for the new village’

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how much of the workforce was female by 1940

43%

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how many abortions vs live births were there under stalin

150,000 vs 57,000

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what was the commissariat of enlightenment

provided freeeducation in all levels of coeducatoinal schools

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why was education so important to the bviks

seen as crucial to building a socialist society of workers

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what did many schools do during the 1920s

abolish textbooks/exams creativity/individualism encouraged physical punishment banned

what did stalin encourage in education

increased amounts of practical work more formal teaching to develop skills needed for modern industrial society

what were schools under stalin contolled by

collective farmms/town enterprises

what were universities under stalin controlled by

veshenka - the economic planning agency

when was the quota system abandoned

1935 was to ensure high proportions of working-class children were given places in secondary school

what areas of curriculum had increased focus before the war

nationalism promoted military training in middle/higher schools/universities

what could happen to teachers if students did not do well

purged

in 1941, how many between 9-49 were literate

94% in towns 86% in countryside

what was the RKSM 1918

russian youth communist league 14-21 extended in 1920s to the youth division of the communist party

when did the RKSM change to komsomol

1926

how many were in the komosomol under lenin

6% of eligble youth

what did komosomol promote/disencourage

volunteer work, sports, political/drama clubs smoking, drinking, religion

what was something that was promoted in komsomol due to stalin

sexual abstinence

what happened to young people who were interested in western culture

labelled hooligans made small secret 'opposition' groups

what did marx describe religion as

the opium of the people

how did lenin percieve the church

didnt see it as a threat allowed freedom of religious worsihp post oct revolution knew that the religious population outnumbered atheism

what did 1917 decrees do to christianity

seized church lands as private ownership was illegal marriage, birth and death certificates became civil as the church and state were seperated

when did teaching of religion in schools become forbidden

1921

what happened to priests during war communism

were deprived of rations so many starved hundreds died

when and why was the patriach of the orthodox church arrested

1922 opposition to the direction of gov policy

what happened to the patriach of the orthodox church post being arrested

chose to recant and accept religious changes was given a state funeral in 1925

what religious restriction was creatred in 1929

worship restricted to 'registered congregations'

what religious restriction was created in 1932

the uninterrupted 6 day work week prevented church attendence on the holy day

when did priests lose the right to vote

1918

what did stalins 1936 constitution do for religious people

criminalised publication of religious propaganda priests regained the right to vote

when were pilgrimages to mecca forbidden

1935 frequency of prayers and fasts also forbidden wearing the veil forbidden

how many religious buildings had been closed by 1941

40,000 churches 25,000 mosques

in 1957, how many defined themselves as religious believers

57%

what did the november 1917 decree for national minorities claim

national self-determination

when did finland become an independent state

1917

when were jews granted a national homeland settlement

1926 to maintain their cultural heritage

how much of the population was jewish in 1941

1/4

when did all anti-semitic laws become abolished

1917

when did russian become compulsory learning in all soviet schools

1938

what was the official stalinist approach to racial differences

discrimnation is officially opposed inter-marriage encouraged to assimilate different national groups

what were stalins approaches to different races

similar to russification as he wanted one soviet state

how did lenin use propaganda

literature/posters especially during civil war

what propaganda did stalin do

happy socialist workers stalin as the patriach of the soviets disciple of lenin - 'stalin is the lenin of today'

what propaganda did stalin do to lenin post death

idolises him as a god cult status petrograd -> leningrad

how did cultural change happen under lenin

allowed new expressive freedom 'silver age' of russian literature in 1920s as long as it was not counter-revolutionary self-expression was encouraged

how did culural change happen under stalin

more conformist as he viewed literature as propaganda. 'art for its own sake' was not encouraged and it should really uplift the socialist standard

when was the union of soviet writers created

1932 restricted who could create