chapter 16

Question 1

assembly line

Answer 1

manufacturing process started by Henry Ford where a product is built step by step as it moves along a conveyor belt

Question 2

mass production

Answer 2

manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products using assembly lines

Question 3

freedom of contract

Answer 3

individuals and businesses should be able to freely negotiate contracts without significant government interference

Question 4

Haymarket Riot

Answer 4

100,000 workers turned out for the largest labor demonstration in the county’s history in 1886, it revived people’s fears about labor unions being associated with violence

Question 5

Pullman strike

Answer 5

company town of 12,000 workers, Pullman cut wages 25 to 40% but didn’t cut living costs for workers

Question 6

company town

Answer 6

a community where a single company owns most or all of the housing and businesses such as Pullman, Illinois

Question 7

corporations

Answer 7

a Iegal entity separate from its owners

Question 8

capital

Answer 8

money and resources that a business or individual uses to generate value (these were raised)

Question 9

stock

Answer 9

a share of ownership in a company that trades on a stock exchange (these were sold)

Question 10

dividends

Answer 10

share of profits

Question 11

pool

Answer 11

competing companies control an industry by agreeing on products and prices (this was illegal by 1887)

Question 12

consolidation

Answer 12

firms bought out all competitors within an industry (rockefeller was a master at this)

Question 13

horizontal integration

Answer 13

companies that produce similar products merge > rockefeller

Question 14

vertical integration

Answer 14

when one person attempts to control all processes of an industry > carnegie did this in the steel industry

Question 15

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Answer 15

illegal to form a trust (monopoly) that interfered with free trade

Question 16

Thomas Edison

Answer 16

founder of Edison electric light co, incandescent light bulb, created direct current

Question 17

George Westinghouse

Answer 17

use of alternating current made transmission of electric power over long distances cheaper than Edison’s method

Question 18

Henry Ford

Answer 18

established Ford motor company, organized factories around the concept of the assembly line and mass production, made the automobile more affordable

Question 19

Frederick Taylor

Answer 19

“scientific method” of industry, applied scientific principles to mass production

Question 20

Terrence Powderly

Answer 20

founded the Knights of Labor in 1869

Question 21

Samuel Gompers

Answer 21

founded the American Federation of Labor in 1886

Question 22

William Haywood

Answer 22

founded the Industrial Workers of the World in 1905

Question 23

George Pullman

Answer 23

cut wages in his car company and caused a strike

Question 24

J.D. Rockefeller

Answer 24

ran oil corporations

Question 25

Andrew Carnegie

Answer 25

ran steel corporations

Question 26

J.P. Morgan

Answer 26

ran finance corporations

Question 27

main inventions of Thomas Edison?

Answer 27

incandescent light bulb, phonograph, motion picture camera, dictaphone

Question 28

Alternating Current (AC) vs. Direct Current (DC)- explain

Answer 28

direct current flows in one direction and powers electronics, while alternating current periodically changes direction and powers houses

Question 29

how did Henry Ford change industry?

Answer 29

changed meat packing and metal working industries to set up assembly lines for mass production, made automobiles more affordable

Question 31

main features of the knights of labor

Answer 31

welcomed skilled and semi-skilled workers, urged equal pay for women, opposed strikes

Question 31

main features of american federation of labor

Answer 31

only open to skilled workers, no female workers, higher wages, shorter work hours, and right to bargain collectively

Question 32

Pullman Strike- what caused it? Outcome?

Answer 32

caused because Pullman cut wages, sent troops to put down the strike

Question 32

main features of the industrial workers of the world

Answer 32

welcomed all workers, advocated socialism and supported the use of violence and sabotage

Question 32

Haymarket Riot- consequences for labor unions? Why were people reluctant to join labor unions?

Answer 32

9 union members killed, 67 wounded, people were scared of the violence associated with labor unions

Question 32

who used horizontal integration?

Answer 32

used by Rockefeller

Question 33

What was the difference between skilled and unskilled workers?

Answer 33

semi-skilled workers included women, immigrants, and African Americans

Question 33

who use vertical integration?

Answer 33

used by Carnegie

Question 34

Why was there a major increase in advertising during this time period?

Answer 34

as supply outpaced demand, advertising was essential

Question 35

How did employers lower labor costs during this time period?

Answer 35

employees cut costs by hiring more women and children

Question 36

What were some of the challenges faced by working class laborers during this time period?

Answer 36

industrial accidents, unsafe working conditions, and no disability insurance was followed

Question 37

What were some of the arguments against monopolies?

Answer 37

people feared it, thought they fixed prices, exploited workers, crushed small businesses, and threatened democracy