Chapter 16 Flashcards by Trisha H

An organization or firm that provides access to the Internet

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Ex. Verizon, Comcast, AT&T

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URL

Uniform resource locator

Includes the exact location of the resource on the web, the protocol necessary to access it, and, if necessary, more specific identifiers

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Anatomy of a web address

http://www.nytimes.com/tech/index.html

Application transfer protocol (http://)
Host name (www)
Domain name (nytimes)
Top level domain (.com)
Path (tech)
File (index.html)

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what does http stand for

Hypertext transfer protocol

Application transfer protocol that allows web browsers and web servers to communicate with each other

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SMTP

Simple mail transfer protocol

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FTP

File transfer protocol

How most web developers upload the web pages, graphics, and other files for their websites

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A firm that provides hardware and services to run the web sites of others

Web hosting services

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A nonprofit governance and standards-setting body that accredits registrars throughout the world.

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigning Names and Numbers)

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Generic top level domains (gTLDs)

.com, .net, .org

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Acquiring a domain name that refers to a firm, individual, product, or trademark with the goal of exploiting it for financial gain. The practice is illegal in many nations, and ICANN has a disputed resolution mechanism that in some circumstances can strip them of registered domains

Cyber squatting

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HTML

Hypertext markup language

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IP address

Internet protocol address
A value used to identify a device that is connected to the internet
Usually expressed as four numbers (from 0 to 255)

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DNS

Domain name service
Facilitates use of domain names to identify IP addresses
Translates host names or web addresses to IP addresses

A distributed database that looks up the host and domain names that you enter and returns the actual IP address for the computer that you want to communicate within

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Distributed ownership

Different portions of the infrastructure

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TCP

Transmission Control Protocol
Supports application to application communication
Makes the internet transparent to applications

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Source TCP program

Breaks application data into segments, numbers then, and sends to destination TCP program by calling source IP program

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Destination TCP program

Receives segments from destination IP program, reassembles them in correct order and presents exactly what was sent to the waiting application (no more no less)

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IP (internet protocol)

Supports host to host (machine to machine) communication
IP Makes the internet transparent to TCP
Asks lower level protocols to move packets from “hop to hop” or machine to machine through the network

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Source IP program

Received segments from source TCP program, places each segment into a packet, and sends packets to IP program at destination

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Destination IP program

Receives packets from source IP program, unpacks segments and presents them to destination TCP program

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Fault tolerant network design

Many alternate paths to route communication

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Private NPO that coordinates maintenance and procedures of several databases related to the namespaces of the internet
No longer affiliated with the US govt

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

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Department within ICANN
broadly responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are used in Internet protocols
Among other tasks, it delegates allocation of IP address blocks to 5 Regional Internet Registries (RIR) - last batch done in 2011

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

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Particular set of computers on the network (domain) fulfilling a function or providing access to a specific type of resources

Host

Protocol

Which protocol the browser must use | Http:, mailto:, ftp:

A "bookmark" inside the resource to jump to

Anchor

An organization or firm that provides access to the internet

Internet service provider (ISP)

Enables communication by defining the format of data and rules for exchange

Protocol

A value used to identify a device that is connected to the internet. Usually expressed as four numbers from 0-255 separated by periods

IP address

Network transmission speeds, typically expressed in some form of bits per second

Bandwidth

A systems speed is determined by its slowest component

Amdahls law

Nonprofit organization responsible for managing the internet domain and numbering systems

ICANN (internet corporation for assigning names and numbers)

A unit of data forwarded by a network. All internet transmissions - urls, web pages, emails - are divided into one or more packets

Packet (or data gram)

The ability of a system to continue operation even if a component fails

Fault tolerance

Distributing a computing or networking workload across multiple systems to avoid congestion and slow performance

Load balancing

A firm that provides hardware and services to run the web sites of others

Web hosting services

Broadly refers to high-speed internet connections and is often applied to last mile technologies

Broadband

Language used to compose Web pages

Hypertext markup language (HTML)

A technique often used to conserve IP addresses by maps devices on a private network to a single Internet connected device that acts on their behalf

NAT (network address translation)

Technologies that connect end users to the internet. This problem refers to the fact that these connections are usually the slowest part of the network

Last mile

Transmission technologies that enable voice communications (phone calls) to take place over the Internet as well as private packet-switched networks

Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP)

Protocol that operated instead of TCP in applications where delivery speed is important and quality can be sacrificed

UDP (user datagram protocol)

Application transfer protocol that is used to copy files from one computer to another

FTP

Insulated copper cable commonly used by cable television providers

Coaxial cable

Often used interchangeable with "Web address", these identify resources on the internet along with the application protocol needed to retrieve it

URL (uniform resource locator)

Internet directory service that allows devices and services to be named and discoverable. For example, this helps your browser locate the appropriate computers when entering an address like http://finance.google.com

Domain name service (DNS)

Frequencies used for wireless communication. Most mobile cell phone services have to license spectrum. Some technologies (such as wifi) use unlicensed public spectrum

Wireless spectrum

When separate ISPs link their networks to swap traffic on the internet

Peering

Routing protocol that is in charge of forwarding packets on the internet

IP (internet protocol)

A term used to brand wireless local-area networking devices. Devices typically connect to an antenna-equipped base station or hotspot, which is then connected to the internet

Wi-Fi

Broadband technology that has the wires of a local telephone network

Digital subscriber line (DSL)

High speed data lines provided by many firms all across the world that interconnect and collectively form the core of the internet

Internet backbone

Works at both ends of most internet communication to ensure a perfect copy or a message is sent

TCP (transmission control protocol)

A standard for short-range wireless connectivity, typically meant to eliminate cabling used for things like speakers, printers, cameras, and other devices

Bluetooth

Broadband service provided via light-transmitting fiber optic cables

Fiber to the home (FTTH)

A temporary storage space used to speed computing tasks

Cache

Application transfer protocol that allows Web browsers and Web servers to communicate with each other

Hypertext transfer protocol (http)

A computing device that connects networks and exchanges data between them

Router