Chapter 16 and 14 Flashcards
(49 cards)
Provide examples of specific body defense mechanisms.
Antigens & Antibodies
lymphocytes
T cells & B cells
Hyper sensitivity
Immune responses
What are interferons?
Interferons are hormonelike peptides produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts in response to virus or tumor cells. They stimulate phagocytosis and enhance other cells to fight these viruses and tumors. They also block viral replication and slow the growth of tumors
What are pathogens?
A Pathogen is a disease causing agent. Pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoans.
What are the functions of the thymus?
The thymus secretes hormones called thymosins, which influence the maturation of T lymphocytes, mature into T cells or T lymphocytes, leave the thymus to provide immunity
Define Antigens
Antigens are proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids that trigger an immune response.
What is a vaccine?
A preparation that includes antigens that stimulate an immune response to prevent an infectious disease.
Know which type of immune cells release cytokines.
T cells and some macrophages
Be able to describe antigens.
Antigens are proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids that trigger an immune response. They stimulate production of antibodies which target and neutralize foreign substances or particles. They are essentially chemicals that the body does not recognize.
During the primary immune response, B cells give rise to what type of cells?
plasma cells
What are the two types of cells that are primarily responsible for immunity?
B and T cells
Inspiratory capacity
Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting tidal volume
Functional residual capacity
Volume of air that remains in the lungs following exhalation of resting tidal volume
Vital capacity
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible
Total lung capacity
Total volume of air that the lungs can hold.
Be able to identify where microorganisms trapped in the mucus of the naval cavity eventually end up.
swallowed into the stomach and dissolved by acid
What percentage of ordinary air is oxygen?
21%
What process allows the gas exchange between the air in alveoli and the blood in nearby capillaries?
Diffusion
The walls of alveoli are composed of what type of tissue?
Simple squamous epithelium
Define the pleural cavity.
The pleural cavity reduces friction as lungs move to inhale and exhale
Be able to describe the specific effects of emphysema on the lungs.
Emphysema is a progressive and degenerative disease that destroys the alveolar walls. As a result small air sacs merge into large chambers which decrease the surface area which is necessary for diffusion for gas exchange. There is loss of tissue elasticity in the lungs which makes it difficult for a person with emphysema to exhale.
Be able to describe vital capacity.
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible
Be able to compare and contrast the location of the upper and lower respiratory system.
Upper:
includes nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx
is less likely to cause serious complications
Both:
parts of respiratory system
both can get infected
Lower:
include trachea, bronchial tree and lungs
infections can cause serious complications
Describe the location and function of the glottis.
Glottis are true vocal cords and the opening between them contains serous fluid between its 2 lungs which allows for speaking, breathing and sound production. It is located in the center of the larynx
Be able to compare the structural differences between the left and right lungs.
The right lung is larger and has 3 lobes while the left lung is smaller and has 2 lobes.
