Chapter 16 and 17

Question 1

ethos

Answer 1

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

Question 2

credibility

Answer 2

the audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. Speaker’s credibility are influenced by competence and character.

Question 3

initial credibility

Answer 3

credibility of a speaker before she/he starts to speak

Question 4

derived credibility

Answer 4

credibility of a speaker produced by everuthing they say and do during the speech

Question 5

terminal credibility

Answer 5

credibility of speaker at end of the speech

Question 6

creating common ground

Answer 6

a technique in which speaker connects themselves with values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience

Question 7

logos

Answer 7

the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker

Question 8

reasoning

Answer 8

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

Question 9

reasoning from specific instances

Answer 9

reasoning that moves from particular facts to general conclusion

Question 10

reasoning from principle

Answer 10

reasoning that moves from a general principle to specific conclusion

Question 11

causal reasoning

Answer 11

reasoning that seeks to establish relationship between causes and effects

Question 12

analogical reasoning

Answer 12

reasoning in which speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for first case is also true for second case

Question 13

fallacy

Answer 13

an error in reasoning

Question 14

hasty generalization

Answer 14

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

Question 15

false cause

Answer 15

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

Question 16

invalid analogy

Answer 16

an analogy in which two cases being compared are not essentially alike

Question 17

bandwagon

Answer 17

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desireable

Question 18

red herring

Answer 18

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Question 19

ad hominem

Answer 19

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Question 20

either-or

Answer 20

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Question 21

slippery slope

Answer 21

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Question 22

appeal to tradition

Answer 22

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Question 23

appeal to novelty

Answer 23

fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

Question 24

pathos

Answer 24

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

Question 25

question of fact

Answer 25

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Question 26

question of value

Answer 26

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

Question 27

question of policy

Answer 27

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

Question 28

speech to gain passive agreement

Answer 28

speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a policy is desirable without encouraging them to take action in support of the policy

Question 29

speech to gain immediate action

Answer 29

speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a policy

Question 30

burden of proof

Answer 30

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary