CHAPTER 16 CARBOHYDRATES

Question 1

compound that is formed by the reaction of an aldehyde with an alcohol.

Answer 1

hemiacetal C-1 C-5

Question 2

compound that is formed by the reaction of a ketone with an alcohol.

Answer 2

hemiketal C2- C5

Question 3

diastereomers that differ from each other in the configuration at only one chiral carbon, s

Answer 3

epimers

Question 4

Does not contain a chiral carbon atom.
● Does not exist in non superimposable
mirror-image forms

Answer 4

Dihydroxyacetone

Question 5

Simplest carbohydrate that contains a
chiral carbon.
● Exists in two isomeric forms that are
mirror images of each other

Answer 5

Glyceraldehyde

Question 6

cyclic sugar with a five-membered ring. ■ Rings are very nearly planar

Answer 6

furanose

Question 7

cyclic form of a sugar containing a six-membered ring.
■ Rings exist in solution in the chair conformation.

Answer 7

pyranose

Question 8

mnemonics for hayworth

Answer 8

alpha-trans
beta- cis

Question 9

Polyhydroxy alcohols that result when the carbonyl group of a sugar is redacted to a hydroxyl group.

Answer 9

Alditols

Question 10

How will u know if it will positive in a tollens reagentr

Answer 10

positive= silver, may available na carbonyl group
negative= clear, wala available na anomeric shit

Question 11

Formed by transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to give the phosphorylated sugar and ADP.

Answer 11

Phosphate esters

Question 12

compound formed when a hemiacetal carbon reacts with an alcohol to give a full acetal.

Answer 12

glycoside

Question 13

Sugars with a substituted amino group (–NH2) as part of its structure.

Answer 13

amino sugars

Question 14

Proteins, peptide bond; carbohydrates, ____

Answer 14

glycosidic bond

Question 15

Notation for the Linkage Specifies sa carbohydrates

Answer 15

ung anomeric form is involved parehas, ung diretion niya is based from the alpha and beta again.

make sure to check na ung anomeric form ung nagbbond

Question 16

Sugars can undergo ____ reactions and form esters

Answer 16

oxidation

Question 17

How will you know uif the end has a reducing sugfar?

Answer 17

Dapat may free na OH or Carbonyl bond= reducing sugar

if ung anomeric bond= nonreducing end

Question 18

SOME IMPORTANT OLIGOSACCHARIDES

Answer 18

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Question 19

Made up of β-D-galactose and D-glucose

Answer 19

LACTOSE

Question 20

Consists of two residues of G-glucose joined by an α(1 → 4) linkage.

Answer 20

MALTOSE

Question 21

Branched-chain polymer of α-D-glucose.
● Consists of a chain α(1 → 4) linkages with α(1 → 6)
linkages at the branch poin

Answer 21

GLYCOGEN

Question 22

Linear homopolysaccharide of β-D-glucose.

Answer 22

CELLULOSE

Question 23

Contain carbohydrate residues that are covalently linked to the polypeptide chain.

Answer 23

GLYCOPROTEINS

Question 24

It is a major nonpolysaccharide component in plant cell walls.
● Polymer of coniferyl alcohol

Answer 24

Lignin

Question 25

Polymer made up of D-galacturonic acid, which is a derivative of galactose in which the hydroxyl group on C-6 has been oxidized to a carboxyl group. ● Found in plant cell walls

Answer 25

PECTIN

Question 26

β-amylase product (enzymes that hydrolates starch)

Answer 26

Maltose

Question 27

α-amylase product (enzymes that hydrolates starch)

Answer 27

Glucose and maltose

Question 28

linear polymer of glucose with all the residues linked together by α(1 → 4) bonds.

Answer 28

amylose

Question 29

branched chain polymer with branches starting at α(1 → 6) linkages along the chain of α(1 → 4) linkages

Answer 29

amylopectin