Chapter 16: Endocrine System

Question 1

Hormones that are important for growth & Growth disorders

Answer 1

Anterior Pituitary Hormone: GH (somatotropin) releases growth hormones throughout the day and especially during sleep

Main function of GH is to regulate and control the growth of target tissues

Insulin-like growth factor: triggers rapid protein synthesis and cell division

Disorders: gigantism, acromegaly (large extremities),and dwarfism

Question 2

Function of hormones

Answer 2

interact with target cells in order to:

*maintain fluid, electrolyte & acid base homeostasis
*promote growth
*regulate metabolic reactions

Question 3

Types of chemical signals

Answer 3

Endocrine: Secretes hormones via blood to DISTANT cells

Paracrine: Tissue cell, secretes chemicals via ECF to NEARBY cell
Autocrine: specialized cell, Secretes chemicals via ECF to SAME cell

Question 4

Up regulation

Answer 4

Cells produce more hormone receptors if a hormone declines increasing the sensitivity to that hormone

Question 5

Down regulation

Answer 5

Prolonged exposure to a high level organ can decrease hormone receptors

Question 6

Classes of hormones

Answer 6

Amino Acid Hormones: consists of 1 or more AA; hydropphilic binding to plasma membrane receptors

Steroid hormones: derived from cholesterol; hydrophobic bind to receptor in cytosol or nucleus

Question 7

target cells

Answer 7

hormones that are able to effect only particular cells that bind to protein receptors

Question 8

negative feedback loop: regulation of hormone secretion

Answer 8

stim: regulated variable deviates from normal range
Receptor: Receptors on endocrine cells detect deviation
Control center: The stimulated control center increases or decreases its secretion of a particular hormone

Effector: Hormone triggers a response in its target cells that moves condition toward normal range

Question 9

Hypothalamus

Answer 9

small anterior inferior portion of the diencephalon connected to the pituitary gland by a stalk (inundibulum)

Question 10

Pituitary gland (structure)

Answer 10

composed of

anterior pit (adenohypophysis): composed of hormone secreting glandular epithelium

Posterior pit: nervous tissue

Question 11

hormones made in the posterior pituitary

Answer 11

no hormones of its own but …

Oxytocin and anti-dieuretic are produced in the hypothalamus and stored and released in the posterior pit.

Question 12

Anti diuretic Hormone(ADH)

Answer 12

Neurohormone that controls water balance
*Increases the amount of H20 retained by the kidneys and increases amount of water in body

Question 13

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 13

diseased cause by abnormal lack of ADH; body is unable to conserve water

signs: extreme thirst and dehydration

Question 14

Oxytocin

Answer 14

supporting reproduction and milk release

Question 15

Hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 15

The hypothalamus produces and releases hormones that either stimulate or inhbit the release of hormones from the anterior pit.

Question 16

Anterior Pituitary hormones that effect other glands :
Thyroid-Stimulating hormone (TSH) :

Answer 16

TSH release is stimulated by thyrotroponin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Question 17

Anterior Pituitary hormones that effect other glands : Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Answer 17

stimulates the development of adrenal glands and stimulated by CRH

Question 18

Anterior Pituitary hormones that effect other glands: Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 18

stimulates the growth of mammary gland, (milk production)

Question 19

Luteinizing & follicle stimulating hormone male gonadtropin(LH)

Answer 19

Stimulates the production of testosterone under the direction of (GnRH)

Question 20

Luteinizing & follicle stimulating hormone hormone female gonadtropin(LH)

Answer 20

Stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone under the direction of (GnRH)

Question 21

Thyroid gland

Answer 21

secretes thyroid hormones and calcitonin

composed of thyroid follicles, colloid (stores iodine atoms), and parafollicular cells (produce calcitonin)

Question 22

Parathyroid glands

Answer 22

secrete parathyroid hormones from chief cells

Question 23

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 23

major factor in maintenence of blood calcium ion concentration

PTH is secreted in response to declining calcium ion levels in blood. goal is to maintain homeostasis and keep these levels on a normal range

In declining calcium ion levels PTH triggers the release of calcium ions from bone and increase the absorption from small intestine and the reabsorption from fluid from kidneys

Question 24

Calcitonin

Answer 24

released when the the calcium ion level in blood INCREASES above normal

important in bone homeostasis

osteoclast activity is inhibited

Question 25

Thyroid hormone

Answer 25

consists of amino acid core bound to T3 and T4 iodine atoms Effects: *regulation of metabolic rate and thermoregulation *growth and development * Synergism with sympathetic NS

Question 26

T3 & T4

Answer 26

apart of thyroid hormone , enter target cell of nucleus and bind with receptors that either activate or inhibit specific gene transcription

Question 27

thyroid hormone production

Answer 27

iodide ions and thyroglobulin are secreted into the colloid iodide ions are converted to iodine atoms that attach to thyroglobulin this then enters follicle cell and converted to T3 T4 T3 T4 then released into the bloodstream

Question 28

hormonal responses to stress

Question 29

hypothalamic-hypophyesal portal system

Answer 29

a specialized blood supply that allows both hypothalamus and pit to deliver their hormones to their target cells

Question 30

Adrenal Glands

Answer 30

located at the superior end of each kidney and produce calc. and steroid hormones

Question 31

adrenal cortex

Answer 31

Endocrine gland

Question 32

adrenal medulla

Answer 32

neuroendocrine organ that secretes neurohormones

Question 33

hormones of the adrenal medulla

Answer 33

consists of chromaffin cells and secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 34

epinephrine (as it pertains to the adrenal medulla)

Answer 34

Increate heart rate constrict blood vessels supplying organs

Question 35

hormones that have an impact on blood glucose

Answer 35

thyroid growth cortisol

Question 36

Aldosterone

Answer 36

regulates blood pressure and blood flow through RAAS

Question 37

Glucocorticoids

Answer 37

help mediate the bodys response to stress Cortisol is the most important

Question 38

cortisol

Answer 38

regulates blood glucose levels, anti inflammatory levels that decrease certain leukeocytes, release of fatty acids from adipocytes

Question 39

regulation of cortisol

Answer 39

involves the HPA axis and control mechanism utilizing CRH and ACTH

Question 40

cortisol disorders

Answer 40

over secretion of cort; cushings syndromea

Question 41

adrenal insufficiency

Answer 41

Addisons disease renders the individual susceptible to adrenal crisis

Question 42

Main hormones that maintain blood glucose level

Answer 42

Insulin and glucagon

Question 43

pancreatic islets

Answer 43

small rounded islands populated by endocrine cells that secrete hormones in the bloodstream Contains: * Alpha cells: secrete glucagon * beta: secrete insulin *delta: secrete somatostatin

Question 44

glucagon

Answer 44

produced and secreted from Alpha cells in panc. islets promotes reactions that increase glucose level glycogenolysis: dreakdown of glycconolgen Gluconeogensis: Formation of glucose n the liver

Question 45

Insulin

Answer 45

Primary antagonist of glucagon, produced and secreted form beta cells and promotes the uptake and storage of ingested nutrients into target cells

Question 46

hypoglycemia

Answer 46

blood glucose levels too low, elevated insulin levels (weakness, dizziness, rapid breathing)

Question 47

hyperglycemia

Answer 47

blood glucose levels too high, decresase insulin levels

Question 48

Blood glucose regulation

Answer 48

Negative feedback when glucose level increases beta cells of the pancreas detect the change and increase insulin secretion

Question 49

location of hormone receptors

Answer 49

nucleus, cytoplasm or target cells membrane

Question 50

g proteins

Question 51

pineal gland

Answer 51

secretes melatonin , sleep wake cycle

Question 52

the gonads: sex hormones what are the effects of testosterone ?

Answer 52

stimulate bone growth, increase muscle mass,

Question 53

The ovaries: Estrogen and progesterone

Answer 53

breasts, regulates menstrual progesterone: helps prepare for pregnancy

Question 54

Adipose : leptin

Answer 54

protein hormone that helps induce satiety (fullness)