Chapter 16 - Glycolysis

Question 1

3 stages of generation of energy from food

Answer 1

• large molecules broken down
• small molecules processed into key molecules of metabolism (acetyl CoA)
• ATP produced from complete oxidation

Question 2

amylase

Answer 2

salivary or pancreatic; degrade starch, glycogen to glucose, maltose, and oligosaccharides

Question 3

cellulase

Answer 3

convert cellulose to glucose

Question 4

lactase

Answer 4

converts lactose to glucose and galactose

Question 5

sucrase

Answer 5

converts sucrose to glucose and fructose

Question 6

maltase

Answer 6

converts maltose to glucose

Question 7

Hexokinase in the muscles

Answer 7

hexokinase I (enzyme), non-specific substrate, 0.1 mM Km, inhibited by G6-P

Question 8

Hexokinase in the liver

Answer 8

glucokinase/hexokinase IV (enzyme), relatively specific, 5-10mM Km, not inhibited by G6-P

Question 9

Hexokinase in _______ takes longer to get saturated and therefore…

Answer 9

liver; more opportunity to be phosphorylated

Question 10

first reaction to produce energy equivalent?

Answer 10

5; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-BPG

Question 11

kinases

Answer 11

A phosphoryl group is transferred from ATP to a glycolytic intermediate
or vice-versa

Question 12

mutase

Answer 12

Shift within a molecule from one oxygen to another

Question 13

isomerases

Answer 13

Interconversion between a ketone and an aldose.

Question 14

enolase

Answer 14

removal of water molecule

Question 15

aldolase

Answer 15

split of C-C bond

Question 16

dehydrogenase

Answer 16

ox-red reaction

Question 17

Phosphate groups are _________ at physiological pH giving intermediates a _______ charge.

Answer 17

ionized, negative

Question 18

Fermentations are a means of..

Answer 18

oxidizing NADH

Question 19

Pyruvate decarboxylase requires the vitamin…

Answer 19

thiamine (B1)

Question 20

alcohol dehydrogenase

Answer 20

NADH to NAD+ by converting pyruvate to ethanol

Question 21

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 21

conversion of glucose into 2 molecules of lactate

Question 22

lactate dehydrogenase

Answer 22

NADH to NAD+ by converting pyruvate to lactate

Question 23

galactosemia

Answer 23

• can cause cataract, tissue enlargement of liver, mental retardation
• disruption of galactose metabolism (transferase missing)

Question 24

cataracts

Answer 24

galactose to galactitol

Question 25

galactose to galactitol enzyme

Answer 25

aldose reductase

Question 26

hypolactasia

Answer 26

lactose intolerance

Question 27

betagalactosidase

Answer 27

lactase

Question 28

hexokinase inhibitors

Answer 28

glucose 6-P

Question 29

PFK-1 activators

Answer 29

AMP, F-2,6-bisphosphate

Question 30

PFK-1 inhibitos

Answer 30

ATP, citrate

Question 31

Pyr. Kinase activators

Answer 31

F-1,6-bisphosphate

Question 32

Pyr. kinase inhibitors

Answer 32

ATP, acetyl-CoA, fatty acids

Question 33

sucrase

Answer 33

invertase