Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology A level section 6 > Chapter 16 - Homeostasis > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Homeostasis Flashcards

(108 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Condition of uncontrolled blood glucose concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Type I diabetes

A

Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

Elevated blood glucose levels after eating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

Dangerously low blood glucose levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Insulin therapy

A

Treatment involving regular insulin injections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type II diabetes

A

Insulin resistance or insufficient insulin production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Obesity

A

Excess body weight linked to Type II diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Colorimetry

A

Technique to measure glucose concentration in solutions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Benedict’s reagent

A

Chemical used to test for glucose presence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Calibration curve

A

Graph correlating absorbance with glucose concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Serial dilution

A

Method to create solutions of decreasing concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Glucose tolerance test

A

Test to assess body’s glucose handling ability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Absorbance

A

Measurement of light absorbed by a solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Pancreatic cells that produce insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Insulin receptors

A

Cell membrane proteins that bind insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dietary recommendations

A

Guidelines for healthy eating to prevent diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glucose concentration

A

Normal level around 90 mg per 100 cm³ blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Health problems

A

Complications from uncontrolled diabetes, like kidney failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Exercise

A

Activity that lowers blood glucose levels post-meal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Artificial sweeteners

A

Sugar substitutes potentially linked to weight gain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

NHS Change4Life

A

Campaign promoting healthier lifestyles to reduce diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Viral infection

A

Possible trigger for Type I diabetes onset.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Glucose-lowering medication

A

Drugs to help manage Type II diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Blood glucose monitoring
Regular checks to maintain glucose levels.
26
Dietary fiber
Component of whole grains aiding glucose control.
27
Nutritional labeling
Information on food packaging for healthier choices.
28
Junk food advertising
Promotion of unhealthy foods, especially to children.
29
Kidney failure
Severe complication of uncontrolled diabetes affecting kidneys.
30
Blood Glucose Concentration
Amount of glucose in the bloodstream.
31
Insulin
Hormone that lowers blood glucose levels.
32
Glucagon
Hormone that raises blood glucose levels.
33
Beta Cells
Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin.
34
Alpha Cells
Pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.
35
Glycogenesis
Formation of glycogen from glucose.
36
Glycogenolysis
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
37
Gluconeogenesis
Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates.
38
Hepatocytes
Liver cells that regulate glucose levels.
39
GLUT4
Glucose transporter in muscle cells.
40
Second Messenger
Intracellular signal activated by hormones.
41
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Second messenger activating protein kinase A.
42
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Process that maintains stable blood glucose levels.
43
Adrenaline
Hormone that increases blood glucose during stress.
44
Protein Kinase A
Enzyme activated by cAMP for glycogenolysis.
45
Enzyme Activity
Rate of biochemical reactions in cells.
46
Optimum Temperature
Temperature for maximum enzyme activity, ~37°C.
47
Optimum pH
pH for maximum enzyme activity, usually ~7.
48
Respiration
Process of converting glucose into energy.
49
Channel Proteins
Proteins that facilitate glucose transport across membranes.
50
Energy Source
Stored glycogen used for cellular energy.
51
Hormonal Response
Slower response than nervous impulses.
52
Blood pH
Acidity or alkalinity of blood affecting enzymes.
53
Water Potential
Likelihood of water molecules diffusing in/out.
54
Metabolic Reactions
Chemical processes maintaining life in cells.
55
Stress Response
Physiological changes triggered by stress.
56
Osmosis
Water movement across a semi-permeable membrane.
57
Homeostatic Systems
Involve receptors, communication, and effectors.
58
Receptors
Detect high or low levels in the body.
59
Effectors
Respond to restore normal levels.
60
Body Temperature Regulation
Maintained within 0.5 °C of 37 °C.
61
Multiple Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Provide greater control over internal changes.
62
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Amplifies changes away from normal levels.
63
Hypothermia
Low body temperature below 35 °C.
64
Ultrafiltration
Filtering substances from blood in kidneys.
65
Selective Reabsorption
Reabsorbing useful substances back into blood.
66
Nephrons
Functional units of the kidneys.
67
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
Site for active transport of glucose.
68
Loop of Henle
Part of nephron involved in water reabsorption.
69
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
Final site for selective reabsorption.
70
Microvilli
Increase surface area for reabsorption in PCT.
71
Osmosis in Kidneys
Water moves from filtrate to blood.
72
Urine Composition
Contains water, urea, salts, hormones.
73
Renal Artery
Supplies blood to the kidneys.
74
Glomerular Filtrate
Fluid filtered from blood in kidneys.
75
Capillary Network
Surrounds nephron tubules for reabsorption.
76
Blood Clotting
Positive feedback mechanism for injury response.
77
Negative Feedback Example
Body temperature regulation during heat.
78
Positive Feedback Example
Amplification during blood clot formation.
79
Kidney Functions
Excrete waste and regulate water potential.
80
Urine Formation
Process of filtering and reabsorbing substances.
81
Efferent Arteriole
Carries blood away from glomerulus.
82
Afferent Arteriole
Brings blood into the glomerulus.
83
Arterioles
Small blood vessels branching from arteries.
84
Glomerulus
Capillary bundle within Bowman's capsule.
85
Bowman's capsule
Hollow structure surrounding the glomerulus.
86
Efferent arteriole
Carries filtered blood away from glomerulus.
87
High pressure
Caused by smaller diameter of efferent arteriole.
88
Glomerular filtrate
Liquid and small molecules entering Bowman's capsule.
89
Nephron
Functional unit of the kidney.
90
Reabsorption
Process of reclaiming useful substances from filtrate.
91
Collecting duct
Final part of nephron where urine collects.
92
Osmoregulation
Regulation of water potential in blood.
93
Water potential
Measure of water concentration in blood.
94
Descending limb
Part of Loop of Henle permeable to water.
95
Ascending limb
Part of Loop of Henle impermeable to water.
96
Sodium ions
Ions actively transported to create osmotic gradient.
97
ADH
Hormone regulating water reabsorption in kidneys.
98
Osmoreceptors
Cells detecting blood water potential changes.
99
Hypothalamus
Brain region regulating thirst and ADH release.
100
Concentrated urine
Produced when more water is reabsorbed.
101
Dilute urine
Produced when less water is reabsorbed.
102
GFR
Glomerular filtration rate, typically 6300 cm³/hour.
103
Reabsorption rate
Calculated based on glucose concentration and GFR.
104
Basement membrane
Layer filtering larger molecules in kidneys.
105
Collecting duct permeability
Controlled by ADH to regulate water reabsorption.
106
Filtrate concentration
Increases as water is reabsorbed in nephron.
107
Medulla
Inner kidney layer where Loop of Henle is located.
108
Capillary network
Surrounds nephron for substance exchange.

Biology A level section 6 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions