Chapter 16 How Genes Work

Question 1

gene expression

Answer 1

the process of converting achieved information into molecules that actually do things

Question 2

genetic screen

Answer 2

any technique used to pick particular types of mutants out of many randomly generated mutants

Question 3

metabolic pathway

Answer 3

the series of steps that allow from protein synthesis

Question 4

null/loss of function alleles

Answer 4

alleles that have been damaged to find what process they effect and to what degree

Question 5

Central Dogma

Answer 5

DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is translated in proteins

Question 6

mRNA

Answer 6

messenger RNA acts as a link between DNA in the nucleus and the protein manufacturing center in cytolasm

Question 7

RNA polymerase

Answer 7

uses DNA as a template to polymerize ribonucleotides into RNA

Question 8

transcription

Answer 8

using DNA template to make an RNA molecule that has the complementary base sequence to the template

Question 9

tranlation

Answer 9

using the information in mRNA to synthesize proteins.

Question 10

ribosomes

Answer 10

translate the information on mRNA into proteins

Question 11

codon

Answer 11

a group of 3 bases that code for a specific amino acid

Question 12

redundancy

Answer 12

amino acids can be coded for by multiple types of codons/sequence of 3 base pairs

Question 13

reading frame

Answer 13

sequence of codons that codes for an amino acids, a single deletion throws off the reading frame by changing the composition of the entire sequence of codons

Question 14

when will a deletion still code for a functional protein?

Answer 14

when an entire codon is deleted from the sequence. it may not be the same protein, and sometimes it wont work

Question 15

number of codons

Answer 15

64

Question 16

AUG

Answer 16

the start codon, a signal for protein synthesis to start at that point on the mRNA molecule

Question 17

uAA, UAG, UGA

Answer 17

stop codons, termination codons, signal the end of translation and when the protein is complete, do not code or anything

Question 18

mutations

Answer 18

any permanent change in an organisms DNA

Question 19

silent point mutation

Answer 19

change in nucleotide sequence, does not change the amino acid specified by a codon

Question 20

missence point mutation

Answer 20

change in nucleotide sequence that changes the amino acid specified by the codon

Question 21

point mutation

Answer 21

A mutation that alters one or a small number of base pairs, several types based on effects

Question 22

nonsense point mutation

Answer 22

change in nucleotide sequence that results in a stop codon

Question 23

frameshift point mutation

Answer 23

addition or deletion of a nucleotide, effects reading frames, rarely neutral or beneficial

Question 24

beneficial mutations

Answer 24

increase the fitness of the organism

Question 25

neutral mutation

Answer 25

has no effect on the fitness of the organism

Question 26

deleterious mutations

Answer 26

mutations that lower the fitness and are harmful to the organism

Question 27

chromosome mutations

Answer 27

large scale mutations that change the structure or number of chromosomes, polyploidy or aneuploidy

Question 28

polyploidy/aneuploidy mutations

Answer 28

don’t change DNA sequencebut cause permanent damage by altering the number of copies of each sequence

Question 29

deletion mutation

Answer 29

loss of the segment of a chromosome

Question 30

inversion mutation

Answer 30

segments of a chromosome become flipped and rejoined

Question 31

translocation mutation

Answer 31

segments of chromosome may attach to another chromosome

Question 32

duplication mutation

Answer 32

the presence of one or more additional copies of a segment, a duplication in genes, which usually leads to evolution

Question 33

karyotype

Answer 33

the complete set of chromosome in the cell