Chapter 16 - Vowel Sandhi Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 16 - Vowel Sandhi Deck (12)
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1
Q

Generally when two identical vowels, whether long or short, meet…

A

they link up and the separate words combine in writing

either by merging into one long identical vowel
a + a -> ā , i + ī -> ī, r. + r ->, ū + ū -> ū

or by merging into a transformed new vowel 
a + i -> e 
a + e -> ai
a + u -> o
a + o -> au

or by turning into vocalic counterparts

u + a -> va
i + u - > yu
r. + e -> re

2
Q

senā āgaccati (the army is coming) ->

A

senāgacchati

3
Q

kanyā gacchati iti vadati (“the girl is going”, he says.) ->

A

kanyā gacchatīti vadati

4
Q

senā tatra iti vadati (“there is the army,” he says) ->

A

senā tatreti vadati

5
Q

iti uktvā (having spoken thus) ->

A

ityuktvā

6
Q

kumārau agacchatah. (The two young men are coming) ->

A

kumārāvāgacchatah.

7
Q

vane tatra āśramah. abhavat (in the forest, there was a hermitage) ->

A

vana āśramo ‘bhavat

8
Q

vane atis.t.hat (he stood in the forest) ->

A

vane ‘atis.t.hat

9
Q

the complex vowels e ai and o (which were once *ai *āi *au)

do not merge or transform nor do they combine words in writing when they meet another vowel, instead

A

the intial sound of what what the complex vowel was originally,
*ai *āi *au , generally take the place of current form of the first word and the final sounds of *ai *āi *au are generally lost leaving a gap between the two words (they aren’t combined in writing)

but two exceptions are
e + a -> e ‘
o + a -> o ‘

retain the current form in the first word and the second word’s -a drops out and is marked with avagrahah ‘ and the words are not combined in writing

10
Q

universal exceptions to vowel sandhi

pragr.hya

A

literally “to be taken on their own”

final vowels of interjections such as ā, he, aho (ah! oh!)

they do not merge or combine with following words

11
Q

the main difference between internal and external sandhi

A

the treatment of e, o, and ai before another vowel

internal: e -> ay, o -> av, ai -> āy

external generally : e -> a, o -> a

external exception: except before -a then both remain same as e and o and the following a drops out marked as avagraha ‘

external: ai -> ā

12
Q

Ruki rule, buddha sandhi, and retroflexion of n are

A

all aspects of internal sandhi not external sandhi