Chapter 17 Flashcards

Question

Granulocytes

Answer 1

contain visible cytoplasmic granules(neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) -larger and shorter-lived than RBCs -phagocytic to some degree

Answer 2

do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules -lack visible cytoplasmic granules -Both have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei

Answer 3

-numerous WBC -twice size of RBC - contain either hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins -polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Answer 4

- 2-4 %of leukocytes -two lobes connected by a broadband -role in allergies and asthma -red staining granules contain digestive enzymes

Answer 5

-rarest WBCs -deep purple w1 or 2 constrictions - large, purplish black

Answer 6

-rarest WBCs -deep purple w1 or 2 constrictions - large, purplish black

Answer 7

– Second most numerous WBC, – Large, dark purple, circular nuclei with thin rim of blue cytoplasm – Mostly found in lymphoid tissue (example: lymph nodes, spleen), but a few circulate in the blood – Crucial to immunity – Two types of lymphocytes -> T lymphocytes (T cells) act against virus-infected cells and tumour cells -> B lymphocytes (B cells) give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

Answer 8

Largest of all leukocytes; 3–8% of all WBCs – Abundant pale blue cytoplasm – Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney- shaped nuclei – Monocytes leave the circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages § Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections – Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response

Answer 9

production of WBCs are stimulated by two types of chemical messengers from red bone marrow and mature WBCs

Answer 10

produces lymphocytes

Answer 11

produce all other elements

Answer 12

– Cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBCs § Usually involve clones of single abnormal cell – Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved § Myeloid leukemia involves myeloblast descendants § Lymphocytic leukemia involves lymphocytes § Acute (quickly advancing) leukemia derives from stem cells, and primarily affects children

Answer 13

– Highly contagious viral disease (“kissing disease”) § Usually seen in young adults – Caused by Epstein-Barr virus – Results in high numbers of typical agranulocytes § Involve lymphocytes that become enlarged § Originally thought cells were monocytes, so disease named mononucleosis – Symptoms § Tired, achy, chronic sore throat, low fever – Runs course with rest in 4–6 weeks

Answer 14

fragments of larger megakaryocyte * Contain several chemicals involved in clotting process – Serotonin, calcium, enzymes, ADP to name a few * Function: form temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels * Circulating platelets are kept apart and mobile by nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin from endothelial cells lining blood vessels * Platelets age quickly and degenerate in about 10 days * Normal = 150,000–400,000 platelets/ml of blood

Answer 15

fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding * Requires clotting factors and substances released by platelets and injured tissues

Answer 16

Vessel responds to injury with vasoconstriction * Vascular spams are triggered by: – Direct injury to vascular smooth muscle – Chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets – Pain reflexes * Most effective in smaller blood vessels * Can significantly reduce blood flow until other mechanisms can kick in Copyright

Answer 17

Platelets stick to collagen fibers that are exposed when vessel is damaged * When activated, platelets swell, become spiked and sticky, and release chemical messengers: – ADP causes more platelets to stick and release their contents – Serotonin and thromboxane A2 enhance vascular spasm and platelet aggregation * Positive feedback cycle: as more platelets stick, they release more chemicals, which cause more platelets to stick and release more chemicals * Platelet plugs are fine for small vessel tears, but larger breaks in vessels need additional step

Answer 18

* Coagulation (blood clotting) reinforces platelet plug with fibrin threads – Blood clots are effective in sealing larger vessel breaks * Blood is transformed from liquid to gel * Series of reactions use clotting factors (procoagulants), mostly plasma proteins – Numbered I to XIII in order of discovery – Vitamin K needed to synthesize some factors * Coagulation occurs in three phases

Answer 19

§ Swift removal and dilution of clotting factors § Inhibition of activated clotting factors

Answer 20

§ Smooth endothelium of blood vessels prevents platelets from clinging § Endothelial cells secrete antithrombic substances such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin § Vitamin E quinone, formed when vitamin E reacts with oxygen, is a potent anticoagulant

Answer 21

result in undesirable clot formation

Answer 22

abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

Answer 23

1. reducing volume of affected blood vessels 2. stepping up production of RBCs

Answer 24

anything perceived as foreign that can generate an immune response

Answer 25

RBC antigens; promote agglutiniation - Type A has only A agglutinogen – Type B has only B agglutinogen – Type AB has both A and B agglutinogens – Type O has neither A nor B agglutinogens