Chapter 17, 18, 19 Test Flashcards
(39 cards)
How progress could be achieved
philosophers believed that if one used reason they could make progress towards a better society.
purpose of salons
they brought together philosophes with the aristocrats and the wealthy bourgeoisie
Voltaire
advocated for freedom of religion, freedom of thought, freedom of press, and political freedom ; was a playwright ; wrote Treatise on Toleration, Philosophic Letters on the English, and Candide
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
social contract (harmony between citizen’s rights and gov’t), Discourse on the origins of the inequality of mankind
Adam Smith and his economic theories
laissez-faire (gov’t stay away from economics), disliked mercantilism( tariffs, gold and silver weren’t source of wealth but labor, economic liberalism (idea of emphasizing economic liberty)
Thomas Hobbes
believed that before there was human society humans were evil, humans need one ruler to suppress the people, wrote the Leviathan
Frederick the Great
single code of laws for his territories, eliminate torture except treason and murder, granted limited freedom of speech and press, religious toleration
Catherine the Great
new law code, tried to abolish serfdom, torture, and capital punishment, and equality of everyone before the law
Joseph II
abolished serfdom, religious toleration, restrictions on the Catholic Church, no more death penalty, everyone is equal before the law
Motives for the War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Year’s War
Silesia
First Estate
less than 100,000 people, owned 10% of land, collected tithes and held gov’t positions, 2 types: high ranking clergy and small parish priests, “those who prayed”
Second Estate
around 400,000 people, owned 30% of land, noble of the sword: ancient nobility who held monopoly on positions in gov’t and military, noble of the robe: purchased titles and wanted access to positions
Bourgeoisie
Businesspeople, merchants, professionals, totaled 300,000 people, owned 20% of land, resented privileges of nobles
Common People aka Wage Earners
totaled 700,000 in urban areas, problem was inflation (wages couldn’t keep up with high prices), wanted price control
Rural Peasants
totaled 19.2 million (80% of population), owned/rented 40% of land, paid seigneurial dues or banalities
Third Estate
only estate that paid taxes, “those who worked”
Characteristics of the Ancien/Old Regime
aristocrats possessing gov’t positions, churches connected to gov’t and aristocracy, urban labor force (organized into guilds), rural peasantry subject to high taxes and feudal dues
Spending and why reforms didn’t happen under Louis XV and XVI
gov’t spent too much money on wars and extravagance, financial lenders wouldn’t lend money fearful that gov’t wouldn’t pay back, financial deficit led to Louis XVI calling for the Estates General, 13 law courts (Parliaments) had the power to block any royal edict by not registering them
cahiers de doleances
statements of local grievances, which were drafted throughout France during the elections of the Estates General
Committee of Public Safety and “Reign of Terror”
National Convention gave power to an outside executive committee (Committee of Public Safety), because of the domestic crisis the two committees decided to start the “reign of terror”, purpose was to protect Republic from internal enemies (opposers of the French Revolution)
Maximilien Robespierre
a lawyer, the head of the “Reign of Terror”
enemies of the Revolution
royalists like Marie Antoinette, and former revolutionaries (Girondins), anyone who rejected the practices of the sans-culottes
inspiring nationalism/patriotism and their influence in war
French wars became citizen’s wars (introduction of total war), bigger armies more confidence
actions with regards to religion
attempted to de-Christianize France, saint was removed from street names, churches were pillaged, priests were encouraged to marry
