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Bio 190 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

A

RNA is the bridge between genes and protein synthesis

RNA facilitates the transfer of genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein production.

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2
Q

What is transcription?

A

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA using information in DNA

This process involves creating messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.

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3
Q

What type of RNA is produced during transcription?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for translation.

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4
Q

What is translation?

A

Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide, using information in the mRNA

This process converts the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to form proteins.

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5
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Ribosomes are the sites of translation

Ribosomes facilitate the decoding of mRNA and the assembly of amino acids into proteins.

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6
Q

What are the three types of names for an amino acid?

A
  • full name
  • three letter name
  • one letter name
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7
Q

What name should be used for a polypeptide chain?

A

The one letter name.

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8
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

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9
Q

True or False: Anything before AUG is significant.

A

False

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10
Q

What is the relationship between the mRNA molecule and the template strand?

A

The mRNA molecule produced is complementary to the template strand

This means that the bases in the mRNA sequence pair with the corresponding bases in the DNA template.

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11
Q

In what direction are mRNA codons read during translation?

A

5’ → 3’ direction

Codons are sequences of three nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids.

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12
Q

What enzyme catalyzes RNA synthesis?

A

RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase is responsible for unwinding the DNA strands and facilitating the assembly of RNA nucleotides.

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13
Q

Does RNA polymerase require a primer for RNA synthesis?

A

No

Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase can initiate RNA synthesis without a primer.

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14
Q

What are the base-pairing rules followed during RNA synthesis?

A

Uracil substitutes for thymine

In RNA, adenine pairs with uracil instead of thymine as in DNA.

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15
Q

How does RNA synthesis compare to DNA synthesis regarding primer requirement?

A

RNA polymerase does not require a primer, whereas DNA polymerase does

This is a key difference between the processes of transcription and DNA replication.

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16
Q

What is the DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches called?

A

promoter

The promoter signals the transcription start point.

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17
Q

What is the stretch of DNA that is transcribed called?

A

transcription unit

The transcription unit includes the DNA that will be transcribed into RNA.

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18
Q

What do promoters signal?

A

the transcription start point

Promoters usually extend several dozen nucleotide pairs upstream of the start point.

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19
Q

What assists in guiding the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription?

A

transcription factors

These factors are essential for the formation of the transcription initiation complex.

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20
Q

What is the completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to a promoter called?

A

transcription initiation complex

This complex is crucial for the start of transcription.

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21
Q

What is the name of the promoter that is crucial in forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes?

A

TATA box

The TATA box is a specific sequence that plays a key role in transcription initiation.

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22
Q

What is RNA processing?

A

Modification of pre-mRNA in the eukaryotic nucleus before dispatch to the cytoplasm

RNA processing involves altering both ends of the primary transcript and splicing interior sections.

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23
Q

What modifications are made to the 5’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule?

A

A modified nucleotide 5’ cap is added

The 5’ cap is important for mRNA stability and ribosome attachment.

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24
Q

What is added to the 3’ end of a pre-mRNA molecule?

A

A poly-A tail consisting of 50-250 adenine nucleotides

The poly-A tail enhances mRNA stability and aids in its export from the nucleus.

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25
What are the functions of the modifications made to mRNA during processing?
They facilitate export, protect from enzymes, and help ribosomes attach ## Footnote These modifications are crucial for mRNA stability and translation efficiency.
26
Fill in the blank: The 5' end of pre-mRNA receives a modified nucleotide _______.
[5' cap]
27
True or False: Both ends of the primary transcript are unaltered during RNA processing.
False
28
What happens to certain interior sections of the pre-mRNA molecule during processing?
Certain sections are cut out and remaining parts are spliced together ## Footnote This process is known as splicing and is essential for generating mature mRNA.
29
What is the polyadenylation signal sequence that indicates where the poly-A tail should be added?
AAUAAA ## Footnote This sequence signals the addition of the poly-A tail during RNA processing.
30
What is the primary role of the 5' cap in mRNA?
To help ribosomes attach to the 5' end of the mRNA ## Footnote The 5' cap also protects mRNA from degradation.
31
What is RNA processing?
Modification of pre-mRNA in the eukaryotic nucleus before dispatch to the cytoplasm ## Footnote RNA processing involves altering both ends of the primary transcript and splicing interior sections.
32
What modifications are made to the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule?
A modified nucleotide 5' cap is added ## Footnote The 5' cap is important for mRNA stability and ribosome attachment.
33
What is added to the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule?
A poly-A tail consisting of 50-250 adenine nucleotides ## Footnote The poly-A tail enhances mRNA stability and aids in its export from the nucleus.
34
What are the functions of the modifications made to mRNA during processing?
They facilitate export, protect from enzymes, and help ribosomes attach ## Footnote These modifications are crucial for mRNA stability and translation efficiency.
35
Fill in the blank: The 5' end of pre-mRNA receives a modified nucleotide _______.
[5' cap]
36
True or False: Both ends of the primary transcript are unaltered during RNA processing.
False
37
What happens to certain interior sections of the pre-mRNA molecule during processing?
Certain sections are cut out and remaining parts are spliced together ## Footnote This process is known as splicing and is essential for generating mature mRNA.
38
What is the polyadenylation signal sequence that indicates where the poly-A tail should be added?
AAUAAA ## Footnote This sequence signals the addition of the poly-A tail during RNA processing.
39
What is the primary role of the 5' cap in mRNA?
To help ribosomes attach to the 5' end of the mRNA ## Footnote The 5' cap also protects mRNA from degradation.
40
What are the long noncoding stretches of nucleotides between coding regions in eukaryotic genes called?
Introns ## Footnote Introns are removed through RNA splicing.
41
What process removes introns from RNA transcripts?
RNA splicing ## Footnote This process results in the formation of mature mRNA.
42
What are the regions that are expressed and usually translated into amino acid sequences called?
Exons ## Footnote Exons are the coding segments of the mRNA.
43
Fill in the blank: Some introns are not removed and can be _______ in the mRNA.
retained
44
What is the term for when some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide depending on splicing?
Alternative RNA splicing ## Footnote This increases the diversity of proteins produced by an organism.
45
How do introns contribute to gene expression?
Some introns contain sequences that regulate gene expression and affect gene products ## Footnote This regulatory function can influence the final protein produced.
46
True or False: The number of different proteins an organism can produce is equal to its number of genes.
False ## Footnote The number of proteins can be greater due to alternative RNA splicing.
47
What is the functional significance of introns in eukaryotic genes?
They can regulate gene expression and affect gene products.
48
What are the three main components of pre-mRNA structure?
5' Cap, Poly-A tail, 3' UTR ## Footnote These components play roles in mRNA stability and translation.
49
Fill in the blank: The segments of mRNA that are ultimately expressed are called _______.
exons
50
What is the primary function of each tRNA molecule?
Enables translation of a given mRNA codon into a certain amino acid ## Footnote Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid and has an anticodon that pairs with the mRNA codon.
51
What does each tRNA carry on one end?
A specific amino acid ## Footnote This is crucial for the translation process during protein synthesis.
52
What is located on the opposite end of a tRNA molecule from the amino acid?
An anticodon ## Footnote The anticodon base-pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA.
53
How does the anticodon interact with mRNA?
Base-pairs with a complementary codon ## Footnote This interaction is essential for accurate translation.
54
What is the structure of tRNA that allows it to function?
A specific three-dimensional shape ## Footnote This shape is crucial for its role in translation.
55
Fill in the blank: Each tRNA molecule has an _______ that pairs with mRNA codons.
anticodon ## Footnote The anticodon ensures the correct amino acid is added during protein synthesis.
56
True or False: Each tRNA molecule can attach to multiple different amino acids.
False ## Footnote Each tRNA is specific to one amino acid.
57
What is the term for the site on tRNA where the amino acid attaches?
Amino acid attachment site ## Footnote This site is where the amino acid is linked to the tRNA molecule.
58
What are the three binding sites for tRNA on a ribosome?
* P site * A site * E site ## Footnote The P site holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain, the A site holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added, and the E site is where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome.
59
What does the P site on a ribosome do?
Holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide chain ## Footnote This site is crucial for the elongation of the polypeptide during translation.
60
What is the function of the A site on a ribosome?
Holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain ## Footnote This site is essential for adding new amino acids during the elongation phase of translation.
61
What is the role of the E site on a ribosome?
Exit site where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome ## Footnote This site helps in the recycling of tRNAs after they have donated their amino acids.
62
What are the three stages of translation?
* Initiation * Elongation * Termination ## Footnote Initiation begins with the start codon (AUG → Met), elongation involves the addition of amino acids, and termination occurs at the stop codon.
63
What is the start codon in translation?
AUG ## Footnote AUG codes for Methionine (Met) and signals the start of translation.
64
What is required for the translation process besides the ribosome and mRNA?
Protein factors and energy (GTP) ## Footnote These factors assist in the various stages of translation, and GTP provides the energy necessary for some steps.
65
Fill in the blank: The process of _______ involves the addition of amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain.
elongation ## Footnote Elongation is a key stage in translation where amino acids are sequentially added to form a polypeptide.
66
True or False: Termination in translation occurs at the start codon.
False ## Footnote Termination occurs at the stop codon, not the start codon.
67
What are mutations?
Changes in the genetic information of a cell ## Footnote Mutations can occur in various forms and can impact cellular function.
68
What are point mutations?
Changes in just one nucleotide pair of a gene ## Footnote Point mutations can lead to various effects in protein synthesis.
69
How can a change of a single nucleotide in a DNA template strand affect proteins?
It can lead to the production of an abnormal protein ## Footnote This can have significant implications for cellular function and health.
70
What is a gene?
A region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product that is either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule ## Footnote Genes are fundamental units of heredity and play a crucial role in determining the traits of an organism.

Bio 190 (6 decks)

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