Chapter 17 Flashcards
(29 cards)
What did Anna J. Cooper’s life and views indicate about the position of the New South?
- She generally held the women and black women in particular held an important and integral role in undermining male dominance and white supremacy.
- Her views corresponded to the development of an educated middle class of blacks, which were challenging the limits of race in the New South; this in turn produced fear among white southerners.
What was the New South?
• Basically the Old South’s white supremacy but in terms of legislation (Jim Crow) and racial violence; “Old South under new conditions.”
What was the newness of the New South?
• The new part was the New South’s economy, not its social relations.
The Solid South.
- The result of Democratic rule of the South after 1877, which led to the purging of black people and some white people from the electoral process and suppression of challenges to Democratic leadership.
- Basically described the period of 1900-1950, which saw irrefragable Democratic rule in the South.
Explain the position of southern women after 1877.
- Middle-class women in cities became active in civil work and reform; they organized clubs, preserved and promoted memories of the war, lobbied for various cases, and assumed regional leadership on a number of important issues.
- Many young white women found work in textile mills, city factories, or in jobs as servants.
- These challenged patriarchy, but did not change it.
How did the status of black southerners change between 1877 and 1900?
• The first generation after emancipation expected dignity and self-respect and the right to work, to vote, to go to school, and to travel freely.
Contrast the Southern manufacturing economy of 1877 to its state in 1900.
- 1877, they manufactured very little.
- By 1900, they had a growing iron and steel industry, textile mills, tobacco, timber processing industry, beginnings of oil, and regional enterprises like Coca-Cola.
Southern Farmers’ Alliance
- The most powerful agricultural reform organization;
* Founded in Texas in late 1870s.
Colored Farmers’ Alliance
• Organization of southern black farmers formed in 1885 in re to Southern Farmers’ Alliance, which did not accept black members.
Subtreasury plan.
- Low cotton prices led to a plane where they would store crops in a warehouse or sommat and wait for the price to rise in order to sell them.
- By SFA.
Populist Party.
• Major 3rd party in the 1890s, formed on the basis of the SFA and other organizations, mounting electoral challenges against Dems in the South and Republicans in the West.
Settlement houses.
Multipurpose structure in a poor neighborhood that offered social welfare, educational, and homemaking services to the poor or immigrants, usually under private auspices and directed by middle class women.
WCTU
Women’s organization whose members visited schools to educate children about the evils of alcohol, addressed to prisoners, and blanketed men’s meetings with literature.
Lynchings
Executions, usually by mob, without trial.
Segregation
A system of racial control that separated the races, initially by custom but increasingly by law, during and after Reconstruction.
Disfranchisement
Use of legal means to bar individuals or groups from voting
Plessy v. Ferguson
SCOTUS decision holding that Louisiana’s railroad segregation law did not violate the Constitution as long as the railroads or the state provided equal accommodations
Jim Crow laws
Segregation laws that became widespread in the South during the 1890s
Poll taxes
Taxes imposed on voters as a requirement for voting
Grandfather clauses
Rule that required potential voters to demonstrate that their grandfathers had been eligible to vote; used in some southern states after 1890 to limit the black electorate
Atlanta compromise
Booker T. Washington’s policy accepting segregation and disfranchisement for blacks in exchange for white assistance in education and job training.
NAACP
Interracial organization cofounded by W. E. B. Du Bois in 1910 dedicated to restoring black political and social rights
How did Birmingham portray what was new about the New South? What was the problem for Birmingham? Within a decade of 1870, what was its status?
- Union soldiers had found coal and iron in the Appalachian hills from West Virginia to northern Alabama; Birmingham was “barely a scratch in the forest” in 1870.
- Not mining but transporting the rich raw materials; railroads solved this problem after the Civil War.
- Iron / steel mills ran across the northern Alabama hills.
By 1889, Birmingham had what? Its locals called it the “_____ city,” and grew from _____ residents in 1880 to _____ 30 years later.
- Surpassed older Southern iron center of Chattanooga, Tennessee, and was preparing to challenge Pittsburgh as the nation’s leading steel-making city.
- Magic; 3000 and 130000.
