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Nursing 115 > Chapter 17 Assessment of Respiratory Function > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Assessment of Respiratory Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

Nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, tonsils, adenoids, larynx, and trachea

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the nose?

A

To filter, warm, and humidfy the air

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3
Q

How many passageways does each nasal cavity have?

A

3
Superior turbinate
Middle turbinate
Inferior turbinate

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4
Q

What is the 4 bony cavities of the paranasal sinuses lined with?

A

Nasal mucosa and ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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5
Q

Where is a common site for infections in upper respiratory tract?

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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6
Q

What prominent function does the sinuses do?

A

serves as a resonating chamber in speech

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7
Q

What are the names of the 4 sinuses?

A

Named after their locations
Frontal
Ethmoid
Spenoid
Maxillary

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8
Q

what are the three regions of pharynx (throat)?

A

Nasal
Oral
Laryngeal

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9
Q

Where is the faucial (palatine) and tonsils located?

A

Housed in the oropharynx

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10
Q

What is the passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts?

A

The pharynx

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11
Q

Are adenoids and tonsils part of the lymphatic system?

A

True

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12
Q

What does the larynx connect?

A

Pharynx and trachea

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13
Q

What is the main function of the larynx?

A

Vocalization

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14
Q

What is part of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis
Glottis (opening between the vocal cords)
Thyroid cartilage (largest cartilage structure and forms part of the Adam’s apple)
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilages (used in vocal cord movement with the thyroid cartilage)
Vocal Cords(located in the lumen of the larynx)

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15
Q

Why is the larynx considered the watch dog of the lungs?

A

It protects lower airways from foreign substances and helps with coughing.

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16
Q

What is the trachea (windpipe) composed of?

A

Smooth muscle with C-shaped rings of cartilage, to prevent the wall of the trachea from collapsing.

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17
Q

What connects the larynx to the right and left main stem bronchi?

A

Trachea

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18
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A

The lungs
Which contain the bronchial and alveolar structures

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19
Q

What covers the lungs and thoracic cavity?

A

Visceral pleura covers the lungs
Parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity, lateral wall of the mediastinum, diaphragm, and inner aspects of the ribs.

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20
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

The lungs, heart, thymus, aorta, vena cava, and esophagus

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21
Q

Where does oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange take place?

A

Alveoli

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22
Q

Where is surfactant produced and what does it do?

A

Produced by type 2 alveolar cells and it reduces surface tension in the lungs

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23
Q

What may alter bronchial diameter and affects airway resistance?

A

Asthma, chronic bronchitis, obstruction(mucus, tumor, foreign body), emphysema (loss of lung elasticity, keepings airways open),

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24
Q

What conditions are associated with decreased compliance?

A

Severe obesity, pneumothorax, hemothorax, pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, atelectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome

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25
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath normal value 500ml or 5-10ml/kg does not vary even with severe disease
26
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
The max volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation Normal value is 3000mL
27
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
The max volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after normal exhalation Normal value is 1100mL is decreased with restrictive conditons such as obesity, ascites, & pregnancy
28
What is the equation for vital capacity?
VC=TV+IRV+ERV Normal value 4600mL decrease may be found in neuromuscular disease, generalized fatigue. atelectasis, pulmonary edema, COPD, and obsesity
28
What is the equation for vital capacity?
VC=TV+IRV+ERV Normal value 4600mL decrease may be found in neuromuscular disease, generalized fatigue. atelectasis, pulmonary edema, COPD, and obesity
29
What is the equation for inspiratory capacity?
IC=TV+IRV normal value is 3500mL decrease may indicate restrictive disease and obesity
30
What is the equation for functional residual capacity?
FRC=ERV+RV Normal value is 2300mL may be increased with COPD, ARDS, & obesity
31
What is hypoxia?
Low level of cellular oxygen
32
What is a shunt?
blood bypasses the alveoli without gas exchange occuring seem with pneumonia, atelectasis, tumor, or a mucus plug Main cause of hypoxia after thoracic or abdominal surgery and most type of respiratory failure
33
Explain dead space.
When ventilation exceeds perfusion The alveoli do not have enough blood supply for gas exchange to occur characteristic of pulmonary emboli, pulmonary infraction, and cardiogenic shock
34
Explain silent unit.
Absence of limited ventilation and perfusion Seen in pneumothorax and servere acute repiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
35
What controls the inspiratory and expiratory rate and depth of ventilation?
Medulla oblongata and pons
36
What causes reflex hypoventilation or hyperventilation?
Baroreceptors (located in aortic and caotid bodies) respond to an increase or decrease in arterial blood pressure.
37
What are major signs or respiratory disease?
Dyspnea, cough, sputum production, chest pain, wheezing, and hemoptysis
38
What could sudden dyspnea in a healthy person indicate?
pneumothorax (air in pleural cavity), acute respiratory obstruction, allergic reaction, or MI
39
What are common causes of a cough?
Asthma, GERD, infection, and side effects of meds such are ACE inhibitors.
40
What could pink-tinged mucoid sputum suggest?
Lung tumor
41
What could be the cause of profuse, frothy, pink material sputum suggest?
Pulmonary edema
42
What could be the cause of foul-smelling sputum and bad breath suggest?
Lung abscess, bronchiectasis, or an infection cause by fusospirochetal or other anaerobic organism
43
What could be associated with chest pain or discomfort?
Pulmonary, cardiac, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal disease, or anxiety.
44
What does chest pain feel like if it is a pulmonary condition?
sharp, stabbing, and intermittent; or dull, aching, and persistent
45
What is hemoptysis?
It is blood coming from the respiratory tract. Always needs futher investigation and the onset is usaually sudden.
46
What are the most common causes of hemoptysis?
Pulmonary infection Carcinoma of the lung Abnormalities of the heart or blood vessels Pulmonary artery or vein abnormalities PE or infraction
47
What is the pH of blood from the lungs?
Above 7 (alkaline) and is usually bright red
48
What is the pH of blood from the stomach?
less than 7 (acidic) and is usually darker red
49
What is clubbing of the fingers a sign of?
Lung disease chronic hypoxic conditions chronic lung infections malignancies of the lung congenital heart disease endocarditis IBS
50
Hispanics are more likely to be diagnosed with asthma than any other race. T/F
False
51
What does funnel chest (pectus excavatum) and pigeon chest (Perctus Carinatum) associated with?
Rickets or Marfan syndrome
52
Bronchial and bronchovesicular sounds what are heard anywhere else but the main bronchus in the lung could signify what?
Pneumonia and heart failure must be furthur evaluated
53
Which abnormal sound needs emergent attention?
Stridor-high pitched musical sounds heard in the neck
54
What is bronchophony and egophony?
Bronchophony is vocal resonance that is more intense and clearer than normal Egophony is voice sounds that are distorted E sounds like A
55
What is associated with general crackles, coarse crackles, and fine crackles?
General-heart failure and pulmonary fibrosis Coarse-obstructive pulmonary disease Fine- interstitial pneumonia, restrictive pulmonary disease, bronchitis
56
What is associated with wheezes and Rhonchi?
Wheezes-chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis Rhonchi- secretions or tumor
57
What is the vital capacity that a patient will be unable to sustain spontaneous ventilation and will requre respiratory assistance?
Less that 10mL/kg
58
What is used to measure inspiratory force?
Manometer
59
What are potential complications when obtaining ABGs?
Pain, infection, hematoma, and hemorrhage
60
What do VBG levels reflect?
The balance between the amount of oxygen used by tissues and organs and the amount of oxygen returning to the right side of the heart in the blood
61
What is the % that OSA effects?
26% ages 30-70 4-9% of woman 9-24% of men 90% are not diagnosed
62
What are the 3s' of OSA?
Snoring sleepiness significant other report of sleep apnea episodes
63
What is hypersomnolence?
Daytime sleepiness
64
What is the daily dose of modafinil that shows improvement to OSA?
200-400mg
65
What medication can be given to patients with OSA?
Modafinil armodafinil protiptyline medroxyprogesterone acetate acetazolamide

Nursing 115 (3 decks)

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