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PSYCH 386 final > Chapter 17 COLLECTIVES > Flashcards

Chapter 17 COLLECTIVES Flashcards

1
Q

What are collectives and their characteristics?

A

Relatively large group of people joined by similar actions, responses, outlook or interests

a) Size –> larger rather than small
b) proximity –> can be together or disbursed
c) duration –> often (but dont always) form and disband rapidly
d) conventinality –> sometimes members’ actions are atpical or unconventional
e) relationships among members –> weak associations rather than cohesive.

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2
Q

What is a gathering?

A

usually in a public or semipublic place – where the individuals are in the same vicinity and have a shared focus of attention (accident, street performance)

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3
Q

Compares to other collectives, gatherings have:

A

clearer boundaries
structures
norms

Member-member links based on a common focus, not intermember relations

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4
Q

What are the two different types of gatherings?

A

a) audience –> gathering of people observing an event

b) Queues –> line of people waiting for something

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of an audience?

A

relatively well-organized and highly structured

audience memebrs actions are regulated by norms (within that audience context) that are rarely broken (threate, cell phone usage)

Violaters often face criticism or harassment

Some actions such as applause are wel coorindated resulting in behavioural synchrony

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6
Q

What are the characteristtics of queues?

A

have strong norms (first come, first served) and members often sanction those who violate this norm (ex. cutting in line)

Milgram stuided line cuttin in new york
54% objected, 10% used physical responses
sanctions less likely when jumper is joinging friends or doing so near back tail of line
- but more likely if multiple people jump together (91% objection rate)

Mostly self-interest: 73% complaints were from those behing the line jumper.

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7
Q

What are crowds?

A

influential, potentially directing passerbys attention

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8
Q

What are the common actions of crowds?

A

a) movements (jogging, marching, clustering)
b) member stance (sitting, standing)
c) manipulation (throwing, moving objects)
d) gesticulation (gesturing with salutes, signals)
e) verbalization (chanting, singing, praying)
f) vocalizing (paralinguistic sounds: ooh ahh cheering, booing)
g) orientation (moving into certain formations)

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9
Q

When does a gathering become a mob?

A

once a gathering of people, including a crowd, becomes emotionalyl charges and disorderly.

Mobs tend to form as an event (catatrophe, victory_ triggers simialr emotional and behavioural responses across a number of people

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10
Q

What are celebratory mobs?

A

ex. after sports, political victory, during festival/celibration)

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11
Q

What are flash mobs?

A

are another crowd with positive affect, but are often too contrived to be considered real crows - they perform choreographed but unanounced public acts.

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12
Q

What are aggressive mobs?

A

mobs often with anger as the dominant emotion. Can engage in illegal, aggressive activities (assualt, arson, looting)

Hooligans who attack supportes of the opposite team

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13
Q

riots are a type of ______ mob

A

aggressive

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14
Q

What are riots?

A

larger, widely dispersed aggressive mobs

sometimes motivated by certain members desire to steal, hostilities towards police or relating to politicial or sporting outcomes.

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15
Q

What are panics?

A

a type of street crowds ( crowds).

Mobs with high levels of fear and anxiety about not being able to acquire resourses ( acquisitive panic_ or escape a given situation (escape panic) which can result in serious injuries or death.

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16
Q

What are the characterisitcs of panics?

A
  • exaggerated when time (to escape/acquire) seems limited and consequences are high
  • more likely in larger groups
  • can occur at bottlenecks (narrowed and limited entry/exit points)
  • queueing effect: tendency for crwod to inch forward even if front of line is not moving, causing compression
  • crowd quakes or surges can also occur
  • can happen with general admission passes (where seating is chosen upon entry
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17
Q

What can organizers do to avoid crowd-panic related injuriies?

A

smaller entrances than exit, minimize crowd-cross flow with lanes, have additional emergency exists in case of overcrowding.

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18
Q

What are collective movements?

A

large aggregation of individuals who have similar thoughts, actions, reactions, and interests, and who are widely dispersed, both temporally, and geographically.

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19
Q

What are the two types of crowds?

A

mobs, and street crowds

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20
Q

What are the two types of mobs?

A

agressive, and panics

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21
Q

What are two types of agressive mobs?

A

riots

criminal

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22
Q

What are two types of panics?

A

escape

acquisitive

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23
Q

What ar the 3 tpyes of collective movements?

A

diffusions

trends

Social movements

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24
Q

What are the two types of diffusions?

A

rumours

mass delusions

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25
Q

What are two types of trends?

A

fads

Crazes

26
Q

In terms of diffusions, what are rumours?

A

circulating stores, reports, or other info that is not known or is doubted to be true.

ANXIETY and UNCERTAINTY about a situation promote spread

can be positive or negative, having calming or anger inducing effect

27
Q

What can rumours triggers?

A

aggressive mobs, panic, mass delusions

28
Q

What are mass delusions?

A

spontaneous emergence of atypicalyl thoughts, feelings, or actions across individuals including psychogenic illness, common hallucinations, and bizarre behaviour

29
Q

What is psychogenic illness?

A

symptoms of illness in a group without any organic basis and identifiable environmental cause.

30
Q

How to prevent spread of mass delusions?

A

a) tell individual problem is psychological

b) limit exposure to negative environemtnal factors
ex. noise, pollution, odours

c) provide citizens with clear info from trusted sources

31
Q

What are trends?

A

changes in attitudes, interests, and actions of large numbers of people

32
Q

In terms of trends, what are fads?

A

more short lived, disappearing rapidly without lasting impact on society

33
Q

In terms of trends, what are fashion trends?

A

fads related to fashions

34
Q

In terms of trends, what are crazes?

A

more irrational, expensive, or widespread fad (bird box challenge_

35
Q

What are social movements?

A

collective, relatively coordinated attempt to promote or resist social change

  • often arise in response to social issues, problems or threats to personal values
  • not typically short-lived and over time accumulate members, develope leadership structures, and set goals, potentially shifting from gatherings to social movement organizations
36
Q

What is one example of a social movement organization?

A

GREENPEACE

37
Q

In relation to social movements, what are the different types?

A

a) reformist
b) revolution
c) reactionary
d) communitarian

38
Q

in relation to social movements, what are reformist movements?

A

aims to improve existing institutions or their implementation, often through civil disobedience, demonstrations.

39
Q

In relation to social movements, what are revolutions?

A

more sweeping changes to social institutions

40
Q

In relation to social movements, what is reactionary?

A

resist or reinstate extinct social systems

41
Q

In relation to social movements, what is communitarian?

A

create more idealistic living conditions, often trhough withdrawal and separations from non-members.

42
Q

What is political opportunity theory?

A

movements must leverage political opps - instances in which a political system appears aulnerable to challenge because of

a) increase in acceptance and tolerance of government criticism
b) increasing diversity in political views
c) division between elites
d) political crises that reduces states willingness/ability to counter movement

43
Q

What is resource mobilization theory?

A

movements must identify and raise support (allies, new mmbers) and resources for the movement

44
Q

What is framing theory:

A

movement must have clear and meaningful goals and objectives, and have a well-defined nature (ex. non violent)

45
Q

What are smart mobs?

A

those who use wireless devices to act collectively, assemble

technology can be use dto help spread, organize, and frame movement and misleading intepretations through otehr news sources and to develop members sense of group identity

46
Q

Sometimes violence is used in social movements BUT….

________ ______ ______ resistance can be highly effective

A

strategic non-violent resistance

a) disrupt economy through strikes and boycott, refuse to work, hold school, block roads
b) challenge propoganda by using alternative media
c) symbolic gestures
d) clear objectives, leaders with clear strategy

47
Q

What is contagion?

A

germs, infections, viruses, ideas, actions, behaviours, are contagious in collectives, diffusing rapidly accross members

a) such contagion may explain why crowd acts similar and more vilently than individual members would typically act
- mimcry

other examples: laughter, questions, emotions

48
Q

What is diffusion?

A

similar to contagion, but avoids negative conntation

  • information spread through social relations and thus information exchange in a network
  • more rapid diffusion in dense, well connected networks
49
Q

According to Gladwell (200): individuals with large social networks and high influence, contribute more than others to diffusion

t/F?

A

true

advert companies sometimes target such individuals

celebrities, athletes and polticians have large networks and can spread info quickly and even make some videos go viral

50
Q

What are convergence theories?

A

self selection occurs, with similar individuals conveging to form a single group
- coming together acts as a trigger for the expression of these needs, values, or goals

51
Q

Who joins radical mvoements OR sports- related mobs?

A

younger individuals, high in openness, and hisotry of aggressive crowd involvement BUT otherwise are not too different from others

52
Q

Who joins social movements?

A

politically engaged, liberal, open, dominant, high self-efficacy, beleiving they can make a difference.

53
Q

What is relative deprivation>

A

those who believe fairness is currently beign violated and feel they are unfairly deprived in some way

self perceived more improtant than actual relative deprivation

Greater collective responses with fraternal deprivation (feelings ones group is deprived) - rather than egoistic deprivation (feeling you alone are deprived)

54
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

in a group, we experience loss of self awareness ( reduced concern abotu evaluation) and self- regulation

55
Q

What are the causes and conseuqences of deinviduation?

A

anonymitiy

reduced responsibility
-bystander effect

group size
greater size > greater particiaption (good or bad)

others: sensory overload, a lack of situational structure, and the use of drugs

56
Q

deindividuation doesnt always promote antisocial behaviors…

A

it more liekly promotes adherence to group norms, which can be good

57
Q

What is emergent norm theory?

A

rather than losing control, people adjust behaviour to act consisent with the emergent gorup norms (may be odd, antisocial for societal norms)

58
Q

In relation to emergent norm theory, what are baiting crowds?

A

usually start with one person introducting norm into the group

Ex. when observers witness someone on ledge considering death by suicide, some groups transform into baiting crowds because of emergent norms.

59
Q

social identity theory says:

A

rather than losing identity as in deindividuation, common identity within the group - which is based on its mebers identity becomes amplified.

  • people being noticing the identities of members, and define themselves in the same way
  • overlooked by other theories: collective behaviour is often intergroup behaviour

one group vs. police
one group of fans vs another
students vs uni
gang vs gang

60
Q

T/F

in relation to social identity theory, presence of other grup enhances collective identity of ingroup and promote ingroup outgroup bias, which leads to + views of ingroup but - views of outgroup

A

TRUE

PSYCH 386 final (4 decks)

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