Chapter 17 Endocrine

Question 0

Describe an anabolic reaction

Answer 0

Smaller and simpler reactants form more complex and bigger molecules.

Question 1

What is a catabolic reaction?

Answer 1

The breakdown of a reaction of more complex molecules into smaller and more simple products

Question 2

ATP can be made by which two processes? And what are they?

Answer 2

Glycolysis- anaerobic respiration through conversion of glucose to pyruvate 2 ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation- aerobic mitochondria use electron transport chain 30-36 ATP

Question 3

Define glycolysis

Answer 3

Catabolism of glucose to pyruvate

Question 4

Define Glycogenesis

Answer 4

Anabolism of glucose to glycogen

Question 5

Define glycogenolysis

Answer 5

Catabolism of glycogen to glucose

Question 6

Define gluconeogenesis

Answer 6

Production of glucose from amino acids or neutral fats

Question 7

What’s the endocrine system?

Answer 7

The gland tissues and cells that secrete hormones

Question 8

Endocrinology

Answer 8

The study of the endocrine system and the diagnosis/treatment of its disorders

Question 9

Endocrine glands

Answer 9

Organs that are traditional sources of hormones

Question 10

Hormones

Answer 10

Chemical messengers that are transported through the blood stream that stimulate physiological responses on the cells

Question 11

Describe exocrine glands

Answer 11

Have ducts

Have extra cellular effects

Question 12

Describe endocrine glands

Answer 12

Do not have ducts
Capillary networks
Intercellular effects

Question 13

How is the endocrine system different than the nervous system

Answer 13

Chemical communication no electrical
Reacts and responds slower
Adapts slower than nervous system
Endocrine is less targeted to an area and more widespread effects

Question 14

What are the three different types of hormones?

Answer 14

Amines hormones - derived from amino acids epineferine norepienephrine
Steroid hormones- derived from cholesterol like estradiol, testosterone aldosterone
Peptide hormones- water soluble and made of 3+ amino acids (most common)

Question 15

Which organ has an anterior and a posterior lobe made up of two different tissues.

Answer 15

The pituitary gland

Question 16

Which lobe of the pituitary gland Is responsible for storing hormones? What hormones does it store?

Answer 16

Posterior pituitary responsible for storing oxytocin and anti diuretic hormone. Hypothalamus tells it what to do

Question 17

Which lobe of the pituitary gland regulates and produces its own hormones. Which hormones does it produce?

Answer 17

Anterior pituitary 
Somatostatin 
Growth hormone 
Prolactin 
Follicle stimulating hormone 
Luetinizing hormone 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 18

Which lobe of the pituitary is formed from the brain (nervous tissue)

Answer 18

Posterior lobe

Question 19

Which lobe of the pituitary is formed from the epithelial tissue?

Answer 19

Anterior pituitary

Question 20

What is follicle stimulating hormone for?

Answer 20

Secretion of ovarian hormones, development of ovarian follicles , sperm production

Question 21

What is luteinizing hormone do?

Answer 21

Stimulate ovulation, secretion of progesterone, stimulate testes to produce testosterone

Question 22

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do.

Answer 22

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

Question 23

What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

Answer 23

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Question 24

What does prolactin do?

Answer 24

Stimulates mammary glands to make milk and enhances secretion of testosterone by testes

Question 25

What does growth hormone do?

Answer 25

Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation boost DNA and mRNA production lipid metabolism increased electrolyte balance

Question 26

Which lobe of the pituitary gland utilizes the hypothalamo-pituitary-target organ pathway? Which hormones are included?

Answer 26

``` Anterior Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone Growth hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Lutenizing hormone Follicle stimulating hormone ```

Question 27

What does ADH do?

Answer 27

Increases water retention prevents dehydration and reduced urination can cause vasoconstriction

Question 28

What is oxytocin utilized for?

Answer 28

Uterine contractions, sexual satisfaction, flow of milk during lactation. Emotional bonding

Question 29

What's the pineal gland in charge of?

Answer 29

Secretes melatonin which helps aid in sleep | Car cadmium rhythm

Question 30

Which gland is the largest gland? | What does it control?

Answer 30

Thyroid T3 and t4 Increases metabolic rate o2 consumption and heat production alertness and reflex speed.

Question 31

What does a para follicular cell do?

Answer 31

Secretes calcitonin and regulates blood calcium levels which help with bone formation in children

Question 32

What does the thymus do? What hormones does it secrete?

Answer 32

Is the site where t (immune) cells mature. | Secrete thymopoietin thymosin and thymulin

Question 33

Aldosterone does what and is in what layer of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 33

Zone glomerulosa | Stimulates Na and K retention water volume as a result

Question 34

Cortisone functions to do what?

Answer 34

Build up protein and fat Respond to stress to help repair tissues Anti inflammatory effect

Question 35

Glucagon is secreted by what type of cells?

Answer 35

Alpha cells. | Secrete I between meals to maintain glucose in the blood

Question 36

Insulin is secreted by what typos of cells ?

Answer 36

Beta cells. | Secreted during or after meals to decrease glass se levels in the blood

Question 37

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 37

No glucose in the urine | Too much secretion of insulin

Question 38

What is pheochromocytoma?

Answer 38

Tumor in adrenal gland. Too much epi and norepi secretion

Question 39

What is goiter ?

Answer 39

Too much secretion of thyroid hormone in the thyroid Graves' disease Endemic goiter dietary iodine deficiency.

Question 40

What is acromegaly?

Answer 40

Thickening of the bones and tissues. Too much growth hormone production.

Question 41

What's gigantism

Answer 41

Too much secretion go growth hormone

Question 42

What is pituitary dwarfism?

Answer 42

Too little secretion of growth hormone

Question 43

What is hypothyroidism

Answer 43

Child Not enough thyroxine Treat with levothyroxine Adult myxedema

Question 44

What is cushings?

Answer 44

Excess cortisol | Causes muscle and bone loss hyperglycemia hypertension and weakness. Abnormal fat deposition

Question 45

What is diabetes mellitus ?

Answer 45

Hypo secretion of insulin. Lots of urination intense thirst excessive hunger High glucose ketones in urine

Question 46

What is a restrictive disorder?

Answer 46

Disorders that limit inflation or reduce pulmonary compliance

Question 47

What are obstructive disorders?

Answer 47

Disorders that narrow or block the airway | Asthma or copd

Question 48

What happens to po2 when ventilation increase?

Answer 48

Po2 elevates and airflow increase Vasodilation of pulmonary vessels Increased blood flow

Question 49

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

Answer 49

Converts bicarbonate in to bicarbonate and. H+ | H2co3-> hco3 + h+

Question 50

What happens when ventilation is reduced ?

Answer 50

Airflow decreases therefore reduced po2 in blood and vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels decrease on blood flow

Question 51

Which mode is this primary transportation route of oxygen?

Answer 51

Bound to hemoglobin | Only about 1% dissolved in blood plasma

Question 52

What are the three routes of transport for Carbon dioxide

Answer 52

70% in form of bicarbonate About 20% on hemoglobin And the rest dissolve in blood plasma

Question 53

What do you call a hemoglobin that has attached oxygen?

Answer 53

Oxy hemoglobin

Question 54

What do you call a hemoglobin with attached co2 attached

Answer 54

Deoxy hemoglobin

Question 55

What are the ways Carbon dioxide can be transported ?

Answer 55

Carbonic acid major Carbamino compound Dissolved in plasma least