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Wake Tech Anatomy & Physiology Part 2 > Chapter 17 - Endocrine > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Endocrine Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Endocrine means

A

Internal secretion

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2
Q

Endocrine system sends ________ that travel through the ________

A

Sends chemical messengers (hormones) that travel through the blood

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3
Q

Paracrine is

A

Communication between adjacent cells

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4
Q

Autochrine is

A

Regulation within a single cell

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5
Q

Target cells:

A

Cells which can respond to a hormone; must have receptors for that hormone

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6
Q

Receptor

A

Protein which binds hormone and causes a biological response

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7
Q

Binding protein

A

Bind hormones but for transport or some other function

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8
Q

Hormones may be classified by source and structure:

What are examples:

A

Source: pituitary hormones, thyroid hormones

Structure and source: corticosteroids and gonadal steroids

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9
Q

Endocrine functions

A

Regulate growth, development, metabolism

Maintain homeostasis

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10
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Entirely endocrine function

Ex: pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pineal

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11
Q

Endocrine cells

A

Within larger organ

Ex: endocrine cells in pancreas, stomach, kidney, gonads

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12
Q

3 types of stimuli that regulate hormone secretion

A

Hormonal stimulation
Humoral stimulation
Nervous stimulation

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13
Q

Hormonal stimulation is

A

One hormone stimulates release of another hormone

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14
Q

Humoral stimulation

A

Response to change in blood levels of some molecule or ion

Ex: Na+, Ca++

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15
Q

Nervous stimulation

A

Nerve stimulation cells to release hormones

Ex: adrenal medulla part of sympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

Hormonal stimulation sequence

A
  1. Anterior pituitary releases thyroid-stimulation hormone

2. TSH stimulates thyroid gland to release Thyroid Hormone

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17
Q

Humoral Stimulation Sequence

A
  1. Blood glucose levels increase

2. Increased blood glucose stimulates pancreas to release insulin

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18
Q

Nervous System Stimulation Sequence

A
  1. Sympathetic division is activated

2. Sympathetic preganglionic axons stimulates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine

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19
Q

Hormone Structure Consists Of?

A

Steroids
Calcitriol
Proteins
Biogenic Amines

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20
Q

Steroids

A

Made from cholesterol, lipid soluble

Ex: cortisol, testosterone, estrogen

Bind to move through blood (not water soluble)

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21
Q

Calcitriol

A

Hormone made from vitamin D; considered steroid

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22
Q

Proteins

A

Chains of amino acids, water soluble

Ex: growth hormone, GnRH, Oxytocin

Must enter act with receptors to go through plasma membrane

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23
Q

Biogenic Amines

A

Made from one or two amino acids

1 amino acid - catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine), melatonin, water soluble

2 amino acids: thyroid hormones, lipid soluble

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24
Q

3 subgroups proteins have

A

Small peptides
Large polypeptides
Glycoproteins

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25
Local Hormones
Do not circulate in blood, act auto tune or paracrine
26
Eicosanoids
Made from arachidonic acid (fatty acid in cell membrane) Types include: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
27
Phospholipase 2
Enzymes cuts arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipid, anti-inflammatory steroids inhibit this step, block synthesis of all three types
28
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
NSAID, block cyclooxygenase enzyme
29
Cyclooxygenase (COX)
catalyzes first step in prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis Has two types: both inhibited by aspirin, ibuprofen
30
COX 1
Active in platelets protecting stomach and intestinal lining, inhibitors can increase risk of bleeding ulcers
31
COX 2
Celebrex inhibits only COX 2
32
Lipid soluble
Need carrier proteins (binding proteins) to be soluble in blood, increase half-life
33
Bound hormone
Not active, majority of hormone in blood >90%, res our for hormone
34
Free hormone
Inbound, active (can enter target cell)
35
Some bound
To specific proteins, others bound to non specific protein such as Albumin
36
Water soluble
Hormones do not need binding proteins to be soluble but some do have them
37
Insulin-Like Growth Factor
Has family of binding proteins, increase half-life, may increase activity of hormone
38
Primary determinant of physiological effects
Hormone concentration in blood Concentration balance between hormone synthesis and elimination
39
Uptake into target cell
Produces biological effect
40
Elimination
Enzymatic degradation or excretion in urine or feces
41
Endocrine diseases can result from hypersecretion or hyposecretion Hyper and hypo mean
Hyper - too much | Hypo - too little
42
Primary hypo or hypo deals with
Problems with hormone producing gland
43
Secondary hyper or hypo deal with
Problem with tropic hormone
44
An example of hyper or hypo is
Hypothyroidism could be caused by problem at thyroid or by by problem with thyroid stimulating hormone from pituitary
45
Trophies hormone
One which stimulates secretion of another Ex: Luteinizing hormone, growth hormone
46
Lack of hormone effects can be due to...
To deficiency of hormone or lack of receptors (insensitivity) There are no good treatments for lack of receptors
47
Half life:
Time necessary for one-half of dose of hormone to be cleared from circulation Minutes to days
48
Half life is affected by
Affected by structure of hormone, binding proteins
49
Peptide half life
Small peptides - shorter half life | Broken down by enzymes in liver or kidney
50
Exopeptidases
Cleave (severe or split) amino acids from ends of molecule, non specific
51
Endopeptidases
Cleave (split or sever) internally, often specific for hormone or family of hormones Ex: insulinase
52
Steroid and thyroid hormone degradation
Liver: sulfates or attached to glucuronic acid Increases solubility Some excreted in urine Most go though bike to intestine and excreted in fever Hormones can be measured in feces, urine, saliva
53
What are the two major anime breakdown
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) and Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT) Inhibitors of these enzymes used in treatment of many psychiatric disorders
54
Hormone receptors
Target cell must have receptor for hormone, some hormones have >1 type of receptor Lipophilic hormones pass through plasma membrane Bind to intercellular receptor to form hormone-receptor complex Complex binds to specific DNA sequence called hormone-response element Turns on or off transcription of gene with that sequence mRNA produced by transcription translated into protein at ribsome
55
Estrogen receptors a and b
1996 second type of estrogen receptor found and cloned (called esr2) Both are intercellular DNA Binding domain 95% identical Ligand binding domain 55% identical Affinity for ligand mostly similar, >1 estrogen, some exogenous compounds can bid receptors
56
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM)
Tissue distribution differ between types Some tissues have both types ER and may oppose each other in some tissues Developing selective ligand for each type SERM, Ex Evista, Nolvadex Xenoestrogens Hormones effects due to protein translation time (>30 mins) Some effects of lipid soluble hormones occur immediately Different type of receptor in plasma membrane may act like receptors for water soluble hormones
57
Xenoestrogens
Foreign compounds have some estrogen if effect, can be phytoestrogens or synthetic molecules classified as endocrine disruptors
58
Cell Membrane ER
Proteins found that bind Estrogens associated with other cell signaling pathways Now thought to be ER bound near membrane Others propose a new receptor ERX
59
Plasma membrane receptors Some hormones can not pass through plasma membrane What’s the process:
Bind to receptor in membrane Start signal transduction pathway which produces second messenger Most pathways use G protein coupled receptors (bind guanine diphosphate GPD when I’m active and GTP when active) When hormone binds receptors goes from inactive to active G protein activates or inhibits on of two pathways: adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C
60
Adenylate Cyclase Pathway
Activated G protein binds to adenylate cyclase Adenylate cyclase converts to ATP to cAMP cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA) which phosphorylates other molecules Amplification: multiple molecules active each step so a few hormone molecules can have great effect Phosphodiesterase: breaks down cAMP, end response; inhibitors can enhance physiological effect
61
Phospholipase C Pathways
Active G protein binds phospholipase C (PLC) PLC splits PIP2 from plasma membrane into Diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) DAG phosphorylates protein kinase C (pkc) ip3 releases intracellular Ca++ from ER or opens Ca++ channels in plasma membrane Ca++ activated enzymes directly or after binding calmodulin Amplification at each step in pathway
62
Receptor Kinases
Another group of water soluble hormones works through receptors that are kinases Extra cellular domain binds hormone Intracellular domain phosphorylates some proteins after ligand binding These phosphorylate other proteins which modified their activity Binding causes dimerizarion of receptors
63
Peptide Hormones Bind to Cell Surface Receptors Process
1 - the a subunit binds insulin (the signal) 2 - the b subunit transmits a signal from bound insulin to the cytoplasm 3 - the insulin signal activated the receptors protein kinases domain in the cytoplasm 4 - protein kinases from the receptor phosphorylate insulin-response substrates triggering other chemical responses inside the cell
64
Degree of cellular response
Response can vary with different number of receptors and with the effects of other hormones
65
Up regulation
Increasing number of receptors, makes call more sensitive to hormone effects
66
Down regulation
Decreasing number of receptors, often occurs after target cell is stimulated by hormone, prevent over response
67
Synergistic
One hormone reinforces effects of another hormone Ex: Estrogen and Progrsterone
68
Permissive
Effects of one hormone require presence if another hormone Ex: growth hormone stimulation of growth requires thyroid hormone presence
69
Antagonistic
Effects of one hormone blocks effect of another Ex: insulin can block glucagon affects on blood glucose levels

Wake Tech Anatomy & Physiology Part 2 (1 decks)

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