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Fire Everything > Chapter 17 Fire Control > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Fire Control Flashcards

1
Q

In order of importance, three priorities

A

Life safety
Incident stabilization
Property conservation

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2
Q

Offensive factors

A

Value
Time
Size

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3
Q

Defensive if:

A 
No threat to occupant life 
Occupants aren’t savable 
Property isn’t salvageable 
Lack of resources 
Risk of collapse 
Anything that endangers lives
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4
Q

Three priorities

A

Life safety, incident stabilization, property conservation

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5
Q

Offensive strategy considerations

A

Value - saving lives or property
Time - Is there enough time, will conditions change, building collapse etc
Size - Are there people and equipment/water resources available

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6
Q

Defensive strategy

A

Can’t save anyone or building, lack of resources, danger of collapse, unfavourable wind conditions
Intended to isolate incident, keep it from expanding
Generally exterior
OHSA has two in two out regulation

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7
Q

Transitions

A

More common less dangerous is defensive to offensive
Offensive to defensive usually from rapid change in conditions
Offensive to defensive requires PAR
Don’t abandon hose line unless absolutely necessary (during tactical withdrawal)
RIT should be prepared to help people withdraw

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8
Q

Small diameter hoseline SDH

A

3/4 inch to 2 inches or 20-50mm

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9
Q

Backup hoseline

A

Must be placed at same time as primary. Should be same size as primary. Should be fog nozzle for protection with cone if needed
Backup serves to
Protect attack hoseline from extreme fire behaviour
Protect means of egress
Provide additional suppression capability if needed
Textbook says fog nozzle in general is the best

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10
Q

Entering

A

Make sure you have TIC, tools, charged line with pattern checked and air bled
Watch for smoke out air in
Check for heat with TIC hand or spraying water on door
Open door slightly, spray and wait 5-10 seconds to see what happens
Have rope or something on the door to close quickly if needed

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11
Q

Attacking from unburned side

A

Thoroughly disproved
Greater heat release rates of modern buildings with increased effect from wind on fire expansion and development
Attack with wind at your back

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12
Q

Direct attack

A

Directly on to burning fuel or onto ceilings and walls

Don’t use so much it drops thermal layer

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13
Q

Indirect attack

A

Made from the outside
It makes floor to ceiling one temp
Aim at ceiling with fog stream

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14
Q

Combination

A

Make a Z O or T shape with nozzle attacking fire and ceiling

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15
Q

Shielded fire

A

You cannot see from the doorway because it is located in a remote part of the structure
Use gas cooling - short bursts of water fog into gas layer, stops pyrolysis and what not. Length of pulse depends on size of space. You want to cool gas itself not the ceiling

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16
Q

Upper level fires

A

Newer buildings typically have protected standpipe
If not protected start one floor below to hook up
If using elevator, typically only 2 floors below fire as staging area
Watch for overhead risks like fallings debris and glass
Evac and hauling equipment in high rises can be resource heavy

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17
Q

Residential basements

A

Unfinished floor joists will fail sooner
Drop in tiles add minimal fire resistance and add to fuel load
Lightweight construction materials prone to collapse possible
Sounding and TIC are not sufficient to ensure integrity
Enclosed stairwells act as a chimney for heat and smoke
Need enough hoseline plus 6-8 feet

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18
Q

Jet fuel must burn less than

A

538C

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19
Q

Exposure

A

Any unaffected area
Interior protection is closing doors and using ventilation, passive forms are fire rated walls and doors
Exterior exposure protection is typically wetting buildings/moving anything out of the way

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20
Q

Utilities

A

Never turn them back on
Never remove meter box
Only meter box shutoff can shut off all power
Never touch service mast (pole that connects power to building) in older buildings fuses would blow connecting wires to mast
If backup generator is in building then main box won’t necessarily cut all power
Solar panels are always charged

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21
Q

High low voltage

A

High excess of 600 volts

Low less than 600, usually 120 or less

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22
Q

Natural gas

A

Pure form is methane with flammability range of 5-15 percent is nontoxic
Natural gas lighter than air, also nontoxic but is an asphyxiant
Mercaptan added
Some emergency generators run off natural gas
Meter can be inside or outside
1/4 turn tang

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23
Q

LPG

A

butane and propane (plus others)
Propane also has no odour, mercaptan added, nontoxic asphyxiant
1.5-10 percent for explosive concentration
LPG leaks will give visible cloud the hugs ground - fog stream of 400lpm will dissipate this cloud

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24
Q

Water connections

A

1/4 turn tang
Electrical ground may be connected to water pipes
May need special tool for commercial
Sprinkler control valves are electronically monitored or physically secured shut
Never shut off sprinklers until fire under control and IC says so

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25
Class C fires
Turn off power, then they are class A or B. Sometimes extinguish themselves with power cut. Lockout/tagout so power doesn't get turned back on. If water MUST be used, fog or spray stream Greater than 40 volts is potentially dangerous Dry chem may wreck equipment - halotron instead
26
Master stream
Gotta shut it off to move the whole thing so position carefully Aim so its angled at roof and deflects off Big fires position it so it can be adjusted without moving to hit large amounts of building Most effective exposure prevention is wetting the building itself, if can't cuz its something like a bunch of trees water curtain works. Needs compact water droplets to stop radiant heat
27
Transformers
Older ones contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Assume they all do (carcinogenic and flammable). Even if labeled it doesn't have any, can have up to 49ppm. Use dry chem or CO2 for ground level transformers. Allow pole top transformers to burn, let utility company knock it out with dry chem from aerial - may consider extinguishing pole itself to prevent it from falling
28
Class C fires
Turn off power, then they are class A or B. Sometimes extinguish themselves with power cut. Lockout/tagout so power doesn't get turned back on.
29
Commercial high voltage
Don't use water even with fog cuz of damage to equipment | Search with back of hand to avoid grabbing and sticking to something if electrocuted
30
Transformers
Older ones contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Assume they all do (carcinogenic and flammable). Even if labeled it doesn't have any, can have up to 49ppm. Use dry chem or CO2 for ground level transformers. Allow pole top transformers to burn, let utility company knock it out with dry chem from aerial - may consider extinguishing pole itself to prevent it from falling
31
Underground transmission lines
stay 300ft 91m away | Backdraft conditions high in underground vaults
32
Commercial high voltage
Don't use water even with fog cuz of damage to equipment | Search with back of hand to avoid grabbing and sticking to something if electrocuted
33
Guidelines to electrical emergencies
Short circuit could have weakened other lines which may fall Use approved tools with insulated handles Wait for power to be cut 10ft away from overhead lines raising equipment Fog streams with at least 700kPa May need to be up to 150ft away from downed powerlines Shuffle or hop
34
NFPA 1971
Standard on protective ensembles for structural firefighting and proximity fire fighting
35
Passenger compartment fire
If need to get in break window | Use medium fog
36
Fire vehicle attack
45 degree angle to avoid exploding shit Hoseline between exposures and vehicle All clear when occupants out Passenger compartment first then ground then exposures Minimum 360lpm If metal itself is on fire use class D, water fine if not.
37
Car engine fires
hose stream through grill or hood scoop | Penetrating nozzle through hood fenders or wheel wells
38
Passenger compartment fire
If need to get in break window | Use medium fog
39
Alternative fuel vehicles
Badging to identify what fuel is not necessary Park apparutus 30m away min Approach from uphill upwind 45 degree angle Do not use flares? Lol dumb textbook
40
Natural gas cars
CNG - compressed natural gas Burns clean, high-ignition temp, narrow explosive range, nontoxic noncorrosive lighter than air stored under pressure Government, utility, refuse, busses most likely to be CNG or LNG (liquified natural gas) May have fuel tank shutoff, fuel tanks will splode Consider allowing fuel to burn itself down LNG stored at -162C Frost on tank of LNG indicates tank failure LNG use purple k or high expansion foam and sand or dirt to stop it entering drains
41
LPG liquified petroleum gas cars
``` Most common after gas and diesel Also no odor Stored under pressure Expands 1.5X for every 10 degrees increase in temp Can BLEVE because of this Cool top of tank ```
42
Hydrogen cars
``` 4-75% flammability range Self ignites at 287.7C Invisible flame during the day Vented fuel cell in the trunk C-posts contain vents - don't cut in extrication Don't extinguish this ```
43
Ethanol/methanol
Water soluble, electrically conductive with slight gas odor Burn bright blue and may not be able to see in daytime 50% of gas is ethanol blend in US Need AR foam such as AR AFFF Request hazmat for fire or leak
44
Biodiesel
Blend from natural plants and diesel Yellow liquid odour of cooking oil Flash point 130C Use dry chem CO2 water fog or foam
45
Clandestine drug labs
Bad chemicals Booby traps Weird wiring - often illegaly tapped into nearby buildings
46
Three main infuelnces on ground cover fire behaviour
Fuel, weather, topography - weather most significant
47
Names of ground cover fire
Origin is... the origin Head is the fastest growing part - usually in direction wind is blowing - usually key is attacking head and preventing new heads Fingers are narrow long strips extending from main fire - can form new heads - typically light fuel Heel - fire side opposite head, usually against the win and downhill and easy to control Islands - patches of unburnt fuel inside perimeter
48
Topography
Burn faster uphill Faster on southern exposures (in northern hemisphere due to sunlight) Steep ravines can cause turbulent updrafts creating a chimney effect, fires in these areas can grow extremely fast
49
Names of ground cover fire
Origin is... the origin Head is the fastest growing part - usually in direction wind is blowing - usually key is attacking head and preventing new heads Fingers are narrow long strips extending from main fire - can form new heads - typically light fuel Heel - fire side opposite head, usually against the win and downhill and easy to control Islands - patches of unburnt fuel inside perimeter
50
NFPA 1977
Wildland firefighting
51
NFPA 1500
``` Fire department OH and S For ground cover fire states Helmet with eye protection and neck shroud Flame retardant shirt pants or jumpsuit Sturdy boots WITHOUT steel toes Gloves Fire shelter in crush resistant case ```
52
Fusee
A friction match with a large head capable of burning in the wind
53
Non fire wildand hazards
Unstable trees, animals, insects, electrified fences, power lines, explosives, haz mat, rolling or falling debris, pits or shafts, animal traps Heart failure # 1 cause of death in wildland
54
RECEO-VS
``` Rescue Exposures Confinement Extinguishment Overhaul Ventilation Salvage ```
55
Incident priorities for any emergency
Life safety Incident stabilization Property conservation
56
RECEO-VS
``` Rescue Exposures Confinement Extinguishment Overhaul Ventilation Salvage ```
57
Typical search priorities
Most severely threatened Area with largest number threatened Remainder of fire area Exposures
58
Blitz attack
Aggresively attack a fire from exterior with large diameter (65mm or bigger) fire stream
59
Typical search priorities
Most severely threatened Area with largest number threatened Remainder of fire area Exposures
60
Underground spaces
``` All equipment needs to be intrinically safe for use in flammable atmospheres O2 deficiences Flammable and toxic gasses Temp extremes Explosive dust Limited means of entry and egress Cave ins or unstable support members Standing water or other liquids Utility hazards Increased heat means more O2 consumption and faster fatigue ```
61
Flash point
Under 38C is flammable (gas and acetone) over is combustible (kerosene vege oil) Further divided into hydrocarbons (dont mix with water) and polar solvents) do mix with water
62
Underground spaces
``` All equipment needs to be intrinically safe for use in flammable atmospheres O2 deficiences Flammable and toxic gasses Temp extremes Explosive dust Limited means of entry and egress Cave ins or unstable support members Standing water or other liquids Utility hazards Increased heat means more O2 consumption and faster fatigue ```
63
Flash point
Under 38C is flammable over is combustible
64
Liquid fires
Dont step in pool of it Unburned vapours usually heavier than air and form pools or pockets of gas in low areas Consider all ignition sources (tools vehicles smoking materials electrical fixtures) Assume relief valve cannot keep up to extreme temps Foam is most common method to extinguish
65
Water for class B
Not good for lighter petroleum or alcohols Okay for heavier oils like raw crude Above level of contained liquid for cooling Can use water to move liquid fires and vapours 2000LPM per flame impingenment on tanks (solid stream) If need to advance have a backupline with separate water source and pump
66
Non water based
Coal plants, aircraft hangars, and large cargo vessels Can be CO2, clean agent, dry and wet chem Must wear SCBA Have a hoseline
67
Water for class B
Not good for lighter petroleum or alcohols Okay for heavier oils like raw crude Above level of contained liquid for cooling Can use water to move liquid fires and vapours 2000LPM per flame impingenment on tanks (solid stream) If need to advance have a backupline with separate water source and pump
68
Transport fires
Wheels may fail and cause fuel to shift Careful of traffic Limited water supply
69
Gas pipes
Presures range from 7000 kPa to 2 kPa Usually below 350kPa in local distribution piping Liquid natrual gas is subject to BLEVE Protect exposures, shut off gas, do not extinguish

Fire Everything (14 decks)

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