Chapter 17: Water Use and Management

Question 1

What fraction of the world’s population live without access to adequate fresh water supplies?

Answer 1

1/3

Question 2

How many people live without access to safe drinking water according to the United Nations?

Answer 2

1 billion

Question 3

In how many years is the number of people living without fresh water supposed to double?

Answer 3

25 years

Question 4

Florida Water Wars

Answer 4

Term used to describe the increasing concern of southern Florida’s need of more fresh water and the desire to
take it from northern Florida.

Question 5

What is the driving force of the hydrologic cycle?

Answer 5

Solar energy

Question 6

Since solar energy is greatest around the tropics, the rate of what is also great?

Answer 6

The rate of evaporation/transpiration as well as the rate of
precipitation

Question 7

How many districts of water management are in Florida?

Answer 7

10 districts

Question 8

What district is Union county in?

Answer 8

Suwannee River District

Question 9

How many primary factors control global deficits and surpluses are there?

Answer 9

3

Question 10

What are the primary factors control global deficits and surpluses?

Answer 10

1. Atmospheric circulation creates regions of
   persistent high pressure and low rainfall.
   These same air patterns produce frequent
   rainfall near the equator.
2. Proximity to water sources influences
   precipitation.
3. Topography such as mountains influence
   cloud formation. Windward side is usually wet,
   leeward side is dry (rain shadow).
   *Human activity can impact the cycle.
   Deforestation reduces transpiration.

Question 11

Residence Time

Answer 11

Length of time water stays in a compartment.

Question 12

How many years does the average water molecule stay in the ocean?

Answer 12

About 3,000 years

Question 13

What percent of Earth’s liquid water do oceans hold?

Answer 13

97%

Question 14

Ocean’s hold what percent of Earth’s living biomass?

Answer 14

90%

Question 15

What do oceans moderate?

Answer 15

Earth’s global temperatures

Question 16

“Global currents transfer ___ and ____ waters throughout the oceans.”

Answer 16

Cold; Warm

Question 17

What is an example of the transfer of cold and warm waters?

Answer 17

Florida’s Gulf Coast

Question 18

What percent of water on Earth is fresh?

Answer 18

2.4%

Question 19

What percent of that fresh water is frozen?

Answer 19

90%

Question 20

Earth’s largest glaciers are found where?

Answer 20

In Antarctica and Greenland

Question 21

Infiltration

Answer 21

When water trickles down through earth’s sediments

Question 22

Recharge Zones

Answer 22

Are areas where infiltration of water into aquifers occurs.

Some aquifers hold large volumes of water.

Question 23

How are rivers measured?

Answer 23

Based on water discharge

Question 24

Water Discharge

Answer 24

The amount of water passing a given point in a given time

Question 25

What is the largest river in the world?

Answer 25

Amazon

Question 26

What is the largest river in the U.S?

Answer 26

Mississippi

Question 27

What is the largest river in Africa?

Answer 27

Congo

Question 28

What is the largest river in China?

Answer 28

Yangtze

Question 29

Lakes

Answer 29

Inland depressions holding standing water.

Question 30

How do wetlands help the hydrologic cycle?

Answer 30

They hold back surface water and allow greater time for infiltration and groundwater recharge.

Question 31

Renewable Water Supplies

Answer 31

Made of surface runoff and infiltration into aquifers.

Question 32

Water Scarcity

Answer 32

Occurs when water demand exceeds availability or water is poor quality.

Question 33

Water Stress

Answer 33

Occurs when renewable water supply is inadequate for an ecosystem increasing competition. Happens more in poor countries.

Question 34

Droughts are ______

Answer 34

Cyclical; Moves in a cycle

Question 35

Withdrawal

Answer 35

Total amount of water taken from any source for any purpose.

Question 36

Consumption

Answer 36

Fraction of withdrawn water that is lost and no longer available.

Question 37

Degraded Water

Answer 37

Water that has been polluted or heated so that it is unsuitable for use.

Question 38

Water use is growing ____ as fast as the population.

Answer 38

Twice

Question 39

How many major water consumers are there?

Answer 39

3

Question 40

What are the major water consumers?

Answer 40

Agriculture Domestic Industrial

Question 41

What major water consumer is taking up the most water?

Answer 41

Agriculture; 85%

Question 42

What is most of the water used for in agriculture?

Answer 42

Irrigation

Question 43

What is an example of poorly used water in agriculture?

Answer 43

Aral Sea over 30 year period (page 380)

Question 44

What are the three leading domestic uses of water?

Answer 44

Toilet flushing followed by bathwater and laundry/dishes are the leading domestic uses.

Question 45

What percent of water usage do each of the water uses in domestic use?

Answer 45

``` Toilet flushing; 38% Bathing; 31% Laundry and Dishes; 20% Drinking and cooking; 6% Brushing Teeth; 5% ```

Question 46

How many people in the world lack access to safe drinking water?

Answer 46

1 billion

Question 47

What areas have the most problems with getting fresh water?

Answer 47

Africa and the Middle East

Question 48

What are the two ways water gets into the atmosphere?

Answer 48

Evaporation and transpiration

Question 49

How many people die annually because of water-related diseases?

Answer 49

5 million

Question 50

What fraction of the world has to get water outside their house?

Answer 50

2/3

Question 51

What is Union county's major aquifer?

Answer 51

Floridan

Question 52

Midwest Aquifer(Texas to North Dakota)

Answer 52

Ogalalla

Question 53

What three problems result from groundwater depletion?

Answer 53

Subsidence, sinkholes, and saltwater intrusion

Question 54

Subsidence

Answer 54

Land drops in elevation

Question 55

Sinkholes

Answer 55

Top of an underground cavern collapses

Question 56

Saltwater Intrusion

Answer 56

Lateral recharge leads to saltwater contamination of coastal aquifers

Question 57

What country is an example of a country that has to have water diverted to support life?

Answer 57

China

Question 58

What state is getting water diverted to it in the U.S?

Answer 58

California

Question 59

What river in the Western U.S. is shrinking?

Answer 59

Klamath

Question 60

What sea did the Colorado River used to reach?

Answer 60

Sea of Cortez

Question 61

What are 4 major problems with dams?

Answer 61

1. breaking dams cause sudden flooding 2. they can displace people and disrupt ecosystems 3. they kill fish(migratory paths for spawning blocked) 4. sedimentation collected from river can fill channel

Question 62

What are the two dams in the U.S. along the Colorado River?

Answer 62

1. Hoover Dam | 2. Glen Canyon Dam

Question 63

What lake does the Hoover Dam make?

Answer 63

Lake Mead

Question 64

What lake does the Glen Canyon Dam make?

Answer 64

Lake Powell

Question 65

Three Gorges Dam

Answer 65

On the Yangtze River in China, world’s largest hydroelectric dam. Completed in 2006.

Question 66

Aswan High Dam

Answer 66

On the Nile River in Egypt, forms Lake Nasser. It is hydroelectric. Completed in 1970.

Question 67

What are the 3 famous water diversion projects?

Answer 67

Aral Sea, California Water Transfer Project, China's Water Transfer Project

Question 68

Aral Sea

Answer 68

In the former Soviet Union, since the 1960’s the volume of the sea has been rapidly declining due to diversion for irrigation accompanied by drought

Question 69

California Water Transfer Project

Answer 69

Uses pumps, aqueducts and dams to move large quantities of water from Northern to Southern California.

Question 70

China's Water Transfer Project

Answer 70

Construction continues today to transfer water to Beijing from the southern Yangtze river basin.

Question 71

Irrigation practices are improved by what two practices?

Answer 71

1: Drip irrigation rather than flood irrigation 2: Center Pivot

Question 72

Drip Irrigation

Answer 72

Delivers smaller quantities of water reducing evaporation; improves efficiency by 95%. More costly to set up but produces higher crop yields.

Question 73

Center Pivot

Answer 73

Uses low pressure sprinklers and increases efficiency by 80%.

Question 74

What are 7 other ideas to reduce the amount of water wasted by irrigation?

Answer 74

1: Irrigate crops with treated wastewater. 2: Irrigate at night to reduce evaporation. 3: Don’t grow crops in dry climates that require lots of water! 4: Increase government subsidies for conservation irrigation practices. 5: Use soil moisture monitors, only irrigate when necessary. 6: Harvest rainwater for small fields (developing countries) 7: Increase use of polycultures over monocultures.

Question 75

What are 6 practices to that can be used by industrial and domestic plants?

Answer 75

1: Fix leaks in pipes and water mains 2: Increase the price of water 3: Require the use of water meters 4: Recycle water used in industrial processes 5: Low-flow showerheads 6: Low-volume toilets

Question 76

Where is most of the water in America used for?

Answer 76

``` Toilet flushing; 38% Bathing; 31% Laundry and Dishes; 20% Drinking and Cooking; 6% Brushing Teeth, etc..; 5% ```

Question 77

How many people, according to the United Nations do not have adequate sanitation?

Answer 77

2.6 billion