Chapter 18 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Hierarchy of needs
Activate and direct human behavior
The needs are instinctoid aka,
Hereditary component, but are affected, changed, and possibly overridden by learning, social expectations, and fear of disapproval.
Characteristics of needs (7)
- The lower the need is on the pyramid, the greater the strength and priority
- Higher needs appear later in life
- Failure to satisfy lower needs produces a crisis
- Higher needs contribute to survival and growth
- Satisfaction of higher needs leads to commitment, happiness, and fulfillment
- Gratification of higher needs requires better external circumstances
- Need does not have to be fully satisfied before next need becomes important
Physiological Needs
Encompasses specific biological requirements for water, oxygen, proteins, vitamins, proper body temperature, sleep, sex, exercise, etc…
Safety Needs
Encompasses security, protection, stability, structure, law and order, and freedom from chaos and fear.
Belongingness and Love Needs
Orient a person toward affectionate relationships with people, and a sense of place in family and groups.
Esteem Needs (2)
- Personal drives for adequacy, mastery, competence, achievement, confidence, independence, and freedom
- Receiving from other people: fame, dominance, status, recognition, or social success.
Self-Actualization Needs
“What a person CAN BE, that person feels compelled TO BECOME.” aka Be all you can be.
Metamotivation
The motivation of self-actualizers, which involves maximizing personal potential rather than striving for a particular goal object.
Metaneeds (definition and 4 kinds)
States of growth toward which self-actualizers evolve
- Goodness
- Uniqueness
- Beauty
- Perfection
Cognitive Needs
Motivations to know, to understand, to explain, and to satisfy curiosity.
Metapathology
A thwarting of self-development related to failure to satisfy the metaneeds.
Jonah Complex
The fear of maximizing our potential will lead to a situation with which we will be unable to cope.
Peak Experiences
An intensification of any experience to the degree that there is a loss or transcendence of self.
Conditions for self-actualization (4)
- Free from constraints imposed by society and by ourselves
- Not distracted by lower-order needs
- Secure in our self-image and in our relationships with others (must be able to love and be loved in return)
- Have realistic knowledge of our strengths and weaknesses, virtues and vices
Awareness (4)
- Clear perceptions of reality
- Continued freshness of appreciation
- Tendency to have peak experiences
- Clear ethical awareness and standards
Honesty (4)
- Unhostile sense of humor
- Acceptance of others and self
- Personal relationships deep but few
- Deep feeling kinship with all people
Freedom (4)
- Simplicity
- Need for privacy
- Creativeness
- Autonomous and independent from culture and environment
Trust (3)
- Problem-focused
- Acceptance of people and nature for what they are
- Resistance to cultural conformity
Characteristics of Self-actualization (4)
- Awareness
- Honesty
- Freedom
- Trust
Self-actualized individuals (8)
- Gandhi
- MLK, Jr.
- Einstein
- Lincoln
- Jefferson
- Malcolm X
- Susan B. Anthony
- Eleanor Roosevelt
Criticisms of Maslow
- Poor research methods
- Difficult to define self-actualization
- Maslow chose people he admired
- Inconsistent in the use of his terms
The General Actualizing Tendency
An inherent tendency of the organisms to develop all its capacities in ways which serve to maintain or enhance the organism.
Self-actualization (according to Rogers)
A person’s lifelong process of realizing his or her potentialities to become a fully functioning person. (“To be that self which one truly is”)
