CHAPTER 18 A TRANSFORMED NATION: THE WEST AND THE NEW SOUTH, 1865–1900

Question 1

I. An Industrializing West

Answer 1

A. The Homestead Act
B. Railroads
C. Chinese Laborers and the Railroads
D. The Golden Spike
E. Railroads and Borderlands Communities
F. Mining
G. Cattle Drives and the Open Range
H. The Industrialization of Ranching
I. Industrial Cowboys
J. Mexican Americans
K. Itinerant Laborers
L. Homesteading and Farming
M. The Experience of Homesteading
N. Gender and Western Settlement

Question 2

II. Conquest and Resistance: American Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West

Answer 2

A. Conflict with the Dakota Sioux
B. Suppression of Central Plains Indians
C. The “Peace Policy”
D. The Dawes Severalty Act and Indian Boarding Schools
E. The Ghost Dance
F. Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill: Popular Myths of the West

Question 3

III. Industrialization and the New South

Answer 3

A. Race and Industrialization
B. Southern Agriculture
C. Exodusters and Emigrationists
D. Race Relations in the New South
E. The Emergence of an African American Middle Class
F. The Rise of Jim Crow

Question 4

IV. The Politics of Stalemate

Answer 4

A. Knife-Edge Electoral Balance
B. Civil Service Reform
C. The Tariff Issue

Question 5

1862

Answer 5

Sioux uprising in Minnesota, 38 Sioux executed

Question 6

1864

Answer 6

Colorado militia massacres Cheyenne in village at Sand Creek, Colorado

Question 7

1866

Answer 7

Cowboys conduct first cattle drive north from Texas

Question 8

1869

Answer 8

President Grant announces his “peace policy” toward Indians

Question 9

1876

Answer 9

Sioux and Cheyenne defeat Custer at Little Big Horn

Question 10

1880

Answer 10

James A. Garfield elected president

Question 11

1881

Answer 11

Garfield assassinated; Chester A. Arthur becomes president

Question 12

1883

Answer 12

Pendleton Act begins reform of the civil service

Question 13

1884

Answer 13

Grover Cleveland elected president

Question 14

1887

Answer 14

Dawes Severalty Act dissolves Indian tribal units and implements individual
ownership of tribal lands

Question 15

1888

Answer 15

Benjamin Harrison elected president

Question 16

1889

Answer 16

Government opens Indian Territory (Oklahoma) to white settlement

Question 17

1890

Answer 17

Wounded Knee massacre; New Mississippi constitution pioneers black
disfranchisement in South; Republicans try but fail to enact federal elections bill to
protect black voting rights; Congress enacts McKinley Tariff

Question 18

1892

Answer 18

Grover Cleveland again elected president

Question 19

1895

Answer 19

Booker T. Washington makes his Atlanta Compromise address

Question 20

1896

Answer 20

Plessy v. Ferguson legalizes “separate but equal” state racial segregation laws

Question 21

1898

Answer 21

Williams v. Mississippi condones use of literacy tests and similar measures to restrict
voting rights

Question 22

industrializing of the West.

Answer 22

The need to close the vast distances of the frontier for settlement and commerce led to the
industrializing of the West.

Question 23

Homestead Act

Answer 23

From 1865 to 1890, the frontier changed markedly. Encouraged by legislation such
as the Homestead Act, the white population of the West increased dramatically.

Question 24

railroads

Answer 24

The construction of railroads, one of the main agencies of westward expansion, was
facilitated by the government as well as the corruption of the railroad owners.

Question 25

Chinese laborers

Answer 25

Drawn to California by the Gold Rush, Chinese laborers would face intense discrimination. Still many would preserve and find success. They would also become the main source of construction labor for the Central Pacific railroad.

Question 26

golden spike

Answer 26

The completion of the transcontinental railroad would be symbolized by the driving of a final “golden spike” into the connecting track.

Question 27

borderland communities

Answer 27

Railroads adversely altered the economic dynamics of borderland communities in the Southwest, leaving them poorer as a result.

Question 28

Mining

Answer 28

Silver and copper enticed miners westward (gold had done so before). Mining became highly capitalized, with savage labor relations and the most militant of unions.

Question 29

cattle drives

Answer 29

Cowboys engaged in cattle drives and lived on the open range, setting the stage for a popular mythologization of their profession.

Question 30

industrialization of ranching

Answer 30

As open-range grazing declined, the industrialization of ranching expanded.

Question 31

Industrial cowboys

Answer 31

Industrial cowboys rode the extensive Miller and Lux landholdings.

Question 32

Mexican Americans

Answer 32

Mexican Americans lost both property and power to white settlers. They faced discrimination and were classified as foreigners in what had once been their lands.

Question 33

itinerant laborers

Answer 33

Mobility was one of the hallmarks of the frontier and a diverse army of itinerant laborers roamed the west in search of employment.

Question 34

Homesteading and farming

Answer 34

Homesteading and farming was fraught with challenges on the Plains and nearly half of the homesteaders would ultimately give up.

Question 35

experience of homesteading

Answer 35

The experience of homesteading on the flat, treeless Plains led settlers to construct sod houses out the same earth they sought to cultivate crops.

Question 36

gender of western settlement

Answer 36

The gender of western settlement was decidedly male. Some women homesteaded but more took part, some by force, in prostitution.

Question 37

conquest and resistance of American Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West

Answer 37

The frontier expansion of settlers shaped the conquest and resistance of American Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West. The downward spiral of Plains Indians began before the Civil War and accelerated after its conclusion.

Question 38

conflict with the Sioux

Answer 38

The most famous of Indian fights involved a conflict with the Sioux. It began in the 1860s with the Santee uprising and reached an apex with the defeat of Custer in 1876.

Question 39

suppression of other Plains Indians

Answer 39

The suppression of other Plains Indians doomed them to be concentrated on limited, undesirable reservations.

Question 40

Peace Policy

Answer 40

President Grant’s “Peace Policy” in the 1870s advocated “civilizing” the Indians and ending the treaty system

Question 41

Dawes Severalty Act and Indian boarding schools

Answer 41

The Dawes Severalty Act and Indian boarding schools called for individual allocations of land, the dissolution of tribal entities, and a rapid Indian assimilation of white American culture.

Question 42

Ghost Dance

Answer 42

A religious movement swept through Plains tribes in 1890. The slaughter of Indians that followed the “Ghost Dance” symbolized the end of the Plains Indian culture.

Question 43

popular myths of the West (Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill)

Answer 43

Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill were part of the popular myths of the West that turned the destruction of Plains Indians by white encroachment and warfare into dramatic and action-filled commercial entertainment.

Question 44

New South

Answer 44

The “New South” brought a region, according to Henry Grady, more hospitable to industrialization and northern investment.

Question 45

race and industrialization

Answer 45

Southern attitudes and practices regarding race and industrialization prevented blacks from reaping much of the economic benefits in the “New South.”

Question 46

southern agriculture

Answer 46

The crop-lien system kept most practitioners of southern agriculture mired in even more severe poverty.

Question 47

exodusters” and emigrationists

Answer 47

Faced with persistent poverty and overwhelming racism, thousands of blacks became “exodusters” and emigrationists from the South.

Question 48

Race relations

Answer 48

Race relations in the New South were characterized by a whitewashing of the history of slavery and a sustained wave of lynchings to suppress blacks in all manners of society.

Question 49

emergence of an African American middle class

Answer 49

Despite crushing racism, the emergence of an African American middle class signified to some blacks hope for “racial uplift.

Question 50

rise of Jim Crow

Answer 50

As Southern states passed legalizing segregation, the rise of Jim Crow showed that the black experience as post-war “free people” was far from a reality.

Question 51

politics of stalemate

Answer 51

Paralysis gripped the government from 1873 to 1893. Problems were left unaddressed amid the politics of stalemate.

Question 52

knife-edge electoral balance

Answer 52

A knife-edge electoral balance between the two major parties left both without the power to innovate and encouraged the avoidance of controversial issues.

Question 53

civil-service reform

Answer 53

The assassination of President James Garfield served as an odd catalyst for civil- service reform via the Pendleton Act of 1883

Question 54

tariff issue

Answer 54

The “tariff issue” culminated with McKinley’s tariff in 1890, which raised duties on a large range of products to an average of almost 50 percent.

Question 55

closing of the frontier

Answer 55

White Americans long believed that the chance to go west and start a new life symbolized liberty and equality. The “closing” of the frontier with the approach of the new century, coupled with a variety of unaddressed problems, portended chaos in ensuing years.

Question 56

Homestead Act

Answer 56

Homestead Act (p. 496): Legislation that took effect on January 1, 1863, to provide free land for western settlers.

Question 57

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 57

Chinese Exclusion Act (p. 498): Suspended Chinese immigration for 10 years with the exception of a few job categories.

Question 58

Western Federation of Miners (WFM)

Answer 58

Western Federation of Miners (WFM) (p. 499): Association of union mine workers established in 1893 to protect their rights.

Question 59

Chisholm Trail

Answer 59

Chisholm Trail (p. 500): Trail used to get longhorn cattle from Texas to Abilene, Kansas, where they were loaded into railcars and shipped to Kansas City or Chicago.

Question 60

vaqueros

Answer 60

vaqueros (p. 500): Mexican cowboys who rounded up cattle, branded them, and drove them to San Francisco.

Question 61

soddies

Answer 61

soddies (p. 503): Houses built by Great Plains settlers made from prairie sod that was cut into blocks and stacked to form walls.

Question 62

Battle of Little Bighorn

Answer 62

Battle of Little Bighorn (p. 507): A battle in eastern Montana Territory on the bluffs above the Little Big Horn River on June 25, 1876.

Question 63

Sitting Bull

Answer 63

Sitting Bull (p. 507): Hunkapapa Lakota (Sioux) chief and holy man who led warriors against the U.S. Army in Montana Territory in 1876, culminating in the Battle of Little Big Horn.

Question 64

Sand Creek massacre

Answer 64

Sand Creek massacre (p. 507): Attack led by Colonel John Chivington that killed 200 Cheyenne Indians that returned in peace to their Colorado reservation.

Question 65

Dawes Severalty Act

Answer 65

Dawes Severalty Act (p. 508): 1887 legislation that called for the dissolution of Indian tribes as legal entities, offered Indians citizenship, and allotted each head of family 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land

Question 66

Ghost Dance

Answer 66

Ghost Dance (p. 508): Indian ritual involving days of worship expressed in part through dance.

Question 67

Wounded Knee

Answer 67

Wounded Knee (p. 510): Site of a shootout between Indians and Army troops at the Pine Ridge Indian reservation in southwestern South Dakota

Question 68

sharecroppers

Answer 68

sharecroppers (p. 512): Tenant farmers who gave up a portion of their crops, primarily as rent to the owners of the land they worked

Question 69

Exodusters

Answer 69

Exodusters (p. 512): Name given to the 20,000 African Americans who moved to Kansas believing rumors of free land for settlers and supplies from the government in 1879.

Question 70

Ida B. Wells

Answer 70

Ida B. Wells (p. 513): Anti-lynching activist who wrote and spoke in protest, gaining the attention of the North only after taking her campaign to England.

Question 71

Jim Crow laws

Answer 71

Jim Crow laws (p. 514): Laws passed by southern states mandating racial segregation in public facilities of all kinds.

Question 72

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 72

Plessy v. Ferguson (p. 514): 1896 Supreme Court case that sanctioned Jim Crow laws as long as the separate facilities for blacks and whites were equal.

Question 73

Booker T. Washington

Answer 73

Booker T. Washington (p. 514): Founder of Tuskegee Institute and most famous for his controversial speech at the 1895 Atlanta Exposition.

Question 74

W. E. B. Du Bois

Answer 74

W. E. B. Du Bois (p. 515): Leader of the NAACP, the editor of its newspaper, The Crisis, and an outspoken critic of Booker T. Washington and his accomodationist approach to race relations.