Chapter 18 Cells And tissues

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Study of the structures of the human body and their positional relationships to one another the study of anatomy can be approached in several ways

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

Study of how the body and its individual parts function is normal body processes

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

Tendency of the body’s internal environment remain relatively constant with a narrow range of change

Question 4

Levels of organization

Answer 4

1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. Organ system level
6. Organism level

Question 5

Cell

Answer 5

The cell is the smallest structural functional unit that can exist as a self-sustaining entity

75 200 trillion cells are present in the body at any given moment

Cell elements are
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and trace elements

Trace elements are calcium, iron, iodine, sodium, potassium

Question 6

Calcium

Answer 6

Calcium is needed for blood clotting

Question 7

Iron

Answer 7

Necessary to make hemoglobin which transports oxygen in blood

Question 8

Iodine

Answer 8

Iodine Needed for thyroid hormones which controls or adjust metabolism

Question 9

Water percentage of a cell

Answer 9

Water makes up 60 to 80% of all cells

Question 10

Cell membrane

Answer 10

Facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste materials

Question 11

Cytoplasm

Answer 11

Provides cellular nutrition and supports organelles

Question 12

Organelles

Answer 12

Carries out the maintenance and functions of the cell

Question 13

Endo plasmic reticulum

Answer 13

Synthesizes proteins and lipids; Metabolizes carbohydrates and steroids; regulates calcium concentration; protein transport

Roadways of the cell

Question 14

Ribosomes

Answer 14

Protein factories

Synthesizes proteins

Question 15

Golgi body

Answer 15

Synthesizes proteins and lipids and packages them for delivery outside the cell

Packing and shipping plants of the cell

Question 16

Mitochondrion

Answer 16

Site of cellular respiration; provides most of the cells ATP

Power plants of the cell

Question 17

Lysosome

Answer 17

Garbage disposals of the cells

Engulfs, destroys, and I just pathogens and cellular debris

Question 18

Nucleus

Answer 18

Control center of the cell

Directs most metabolic activities, including growth and reproduction; contains DNA and RNA

Question 19

“Gatekeeper “of the cell

Answer 19

Cell membrane

Question 20

Cytoplasm also known as

Answer 20

Proto plasm

Endoplasm is inside the organelle

Cytosol is outside the organelle

Question 21

Mitochondria

Answer 21

Inner membrane folded into chamber called Cristae

Cells “power plants “

Only place in the sour food molecules are combined with oxygen and digested

Provide most of the cells adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 22

Centrioles

Answer 22

Paired tubular structures that help cells divide

North and South Pole

Question 23

Nucleus

Answer 23

Contains DNA and RNA

Humans possess 23 pairs of chromosomes

Nucleolus resides in nucleus

Question 24

Cytoskeleton

Answer 24

Scaffolding material of a cell
Provides internal structure

Helps move substances across the cell membrane

Cellular extensions; microvilli, Cilia, flagella,

Question 25

Cellular processes: Passive

Answer 25

Passive processes do not require energy or activity of the cell membrane Diffusion, Osmosis, filtration Molecules move because of differences in concentration pressure or temperature Differences are called gradients

Question 26

Diffusion

Answer 26

High to low Simple- no carrier molecule Facilitated - requires carrier molecule Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Example lump of sugar dropped into glass

Question 27

Osmosis

Answer 27

Low to high Movement of water across the cell membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration to equalize fluid concentration on both sides of the membrane Selective permeable membrane Only allows water diffusion

Question 28

Filtration

Answer 28

Pressure Movement of water and molecules across the cell membrane due to pressure “blood pressure quote

Question 29

Cellular processes: active

Answer 29

Transport From lower concentration to higher concentration One. Transport by membrane pumps Two. Transport by Vesicles

Question 30

Membrane pump Cellular process

Answer 30

Carrier molecules that are located within the cell membrane Muscle cells use calcium pumps Nerve cells use salt in potassium pumps Pump mechanisms require ATP Energy released during the breakdown of ATP is transferred to the pump

Question 31

Transport by vesicle

Answer 31

Exocytosis Involves moving substances outside the cell Endocytosis Moving substances inside the cell - Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Question 32

Phagocytosis

Answer 32

Cell eating A piece of the cell membrane is wrapped around large molecules and are drawn inside the cell Vesicle fuses with a lysosome coats the large molecule with digestive enzymes and digests it Killing a large molecule usually a pathogen Digested products are released via exocytosis

Question 33

Pinocytosis

Answer 33

Cell drinking Targeted substance is liquid Pinocytosis cells are more common than phagocytic cells

Question 34

Tissues Four principal types

Answer 34

Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue

Question 35

Cellular

Answer 35

Sum total of all physicalAnd chemical processes that occur in an organism Overall rate at which reactions use energy Exercise elevated body temperature, or mono activity, digestion and pregnancy all increase rate you Baseline rate or basal rate

Question 36

Anabolism

Answer 36

1. Constructive phase 2. Small, simpler molecules are built up into large molecules 3. Amino acids combining to form proteins

Question 37

Catabolism

Answer 37

1. Destructive phase of metabolism 2. Larger, complex molecules are broken down into simpler molecules 3. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose

Question 38

Embryonic tissue layers

Answer 38

1. Ectoderm; outer most 2. Mesoderm; middle 3. Endoderm; innermost

Question 39

Tissue – interstitial fluid

Answer 39

Found an extra cellular spaces between tissues Primarily water and contain substances salts, sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, hormones, Nero transmitters, Based sales and provide transport medium for nutrients, gases, and Waze More abundant and then plasma or lymph

Question 40

Epithelial tissue

Answer 40

Lines or covers external and internal body structures, lines open and closed body cavities Closely packed cells in one or more layers. High rate of cell division, regenerates quickly Bound to underlying tissues by “basement membrane “ Provides; protection, Absorption, secretion, excretion, and sensation Endothelium – covers internal services of blood and lymph Fattic vessels Glandular epithelium – found an endocrine and exocrine glands

Question 41

Connective tissue

Answer 41

Four types; fibrous, bone, cartilage, blood Most abundant tissue in the body Connects, supports, transports, and defense Forms framework for organs and glands and for body as a whole Consist of protein fibers scattered in a matrix; elastin, collagen, and reticular

Question 42

Fibrous connective tissue 4 types

Answer 42

1. Loose – most widely distributed type, elastic glue, connects adjacent structures and permits movement Helps organs and muscles slide with no friction 2. Adipose- fat; serves as storage, insulation, protection 3. Reticular - supportive framework for bone, bone marrow, lymph nodes and organs 4. Dense - compact, strong bundle of fibers - regular: parallel rose, elastic, great tensile strength in two directions - irregular: Interwoven fibers; strong, thick sheet of connective tissue, resist pulling in multiple directions; deep fascial sheath, dermal layer, periosteal sheath

Question 43

Bone

Answer 43

Osseous tissue Hardest type, Skeletal system, support, protection, muscle attachment sites, store minerals and fat, produce blood cells, Compact and spongy

Question 44

Cartilage 3 types

Answer 44

Hyaline cartilage Dash most prevalent; articulating cartilage, costals , trachea Fibrocartilage- strongest; Intervertebral disc’s, meniscus of the knee Elastic cartilage - softest, pliable; ears, nose, lyrics Cartilage is a strong connective tissue with stands repeated stress Avascular - Minimal healing (low blood flow)

Question 45

Blood

Answer 45

Liquid connective tissue Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

Question 46

Muscle tissue Three types

Answer 46

1. Skeletal 2. Smooth muscle 3. Cardiac muscle

Question 47

Skeletal muscle

Answer 47

Voluntary Attached to bones most abundant Long, cylindrical threadlike Nuclei are peripherally located Contains bands, giving striated or striped appearance