Chapter 18 - Gastrointestinal And Ironic Emergencies Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
_____________ pain is a common complaint.
A
Abdominal
2
Q
The cause of abdominal pain is often ____________ to identify.
A
Difficult
3
Q
Abdominal cavity contains __________ and _________ organs that make up 3 systems.
A
solid
Hollow
4
Q
Name the 3 systems that make up the abdominal cavity.
A
Gastrointestinal system
Genital system
Urinary system
5
Q
Name the solid organs in the abdominal cavity.
A
Liver Spleen Pancreas Kidneys Ovaries in women
6
Q
Injury to a solid organ can cause _____ and ________.
A
shock
Bleeding
7
Q
Hollow organs in the abdominal cavity are
A
Gallbladder Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Urinary bladder
8
Q
If there is a perforation of hollow organs, the contents will _______ and ______ the abdominal cavity.
A
leak
Contaminate
9
Q
The gastrointestinal system is responsible for what process?
A
Digestion
10
Q
When does digestion begin?
A
When food is put into the mouth and chewed.
11
Q
The ________ glands secrete saliva and begin to break food down.
A
Salivary glands
12
Q
Food travels down the esophagus to the __________.
A
Stomach
13
Q
The_________ is the main organ of the digestive system.
A
Stomach
14
Q
The ___________ juices break down food in the stomach.
A
Gastric
15
Q
The________ stage in digestion.
A
Liver
16
Q
The liver secretes _____ to aid in digestion of fats.
A
Bile
17
Q
The liver filters _____ substances produced by digestion.
A
Toxic
18
Q
The liver creates ___________ stores.
A
Glucose
19
Q
The liver produces substances necessary for _____ ______ and ________ ________.
A
Blood clotting
Immune function
20
Q
The gallbladder is reserved for ______.
A
Bile
21
Q
Three sections of the small intestine are ________, ___________, and __________.
A
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
22
Q
The ________ is where digestive juices from a pancreas and liver mixed
A
Duodeum
23
Q
The pancreas secretes __________ that break down startches, fats, and proteins.
A
enzymes
24
Q
The pancreas releases __________ which is responsible for breaking down starches into sugars.
A
amylase
25
__________________ is produced in the pancreas - it neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum.
Bicarbonate
26
_________ is also produced in the pancreas. It relgulates the amount of glucose in the bloodstream.
Insulin
27
__________ plays a major role in absorbtion of digestive products.
Jejunum
28
Jejunum does much of the work in the __________ intestine.
small
29
The ________ absorbs nutrients that were not absorbed before the liver and Jejunum.
Lleum
30
The ________ absorbs bile acid so they can be returned to the liver for future use and vitamin B12 for making nerve cells and red blood cless.
Illeum
31
The _______ is part of the large intestine.
Colon
32
Food not broken down and used moves into the colon as a ________ product.
waste
33
__________ moves the waste matter through the intestines.
Peristalsis
34
Water is __________ and stool is formed as it passes through the the rectum to the anus and is defecated.
absorbed
35
The ________ is located in the abdomen but has o digestive function.
spleen
36
The spleen is part of the ___________ system.
lymphatic
37
The spleen plays a significant role in relation to red blood cells and ________ system.
immune
38
The spleen assists in __________ of blood.
filteration
39
The spleen aids in development of _____ ______ _____.
red blood cells
40
The spleen serves as blood ________.
reservoir.
41
The spleen produces ________.
antibodies
42
The _________ system holds reproductive organs.
genital
43
Name the parts of the male reproductive system.
```
testicles
epididymis
vas deferentia
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
penis
```
44
Name the parts of the female reproductive system.
```
ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
cervix
vagina
```
45
The _________ system controls discharge of certain waste materials filtered from blood by the kidneys.
urinary
46
Name the solid organs in the urinary system.
kidneys
47
Name the hollow organs in the urinary system.
ureters
bladder
urethra
48
There are ______ kidneys, _____ on each side.
two
| one
49
The _________ lie on the posterior muscular wall of the abdomen behind the peritoneum in the retroperitoneal space.
kidneys
50
The _______ play an important role in the regulation of acidity and blood pressure.
kidneys
51
The ________ rid the body of toxic waste.
kidneys
52
The _________ controle balance of fluid and electrolytes.
kidneys
53
Blood flow is ______ in kidneys.
high
54
_________ join each kidney to the bladder.
Ureters
55
_________ are small, hollow, muscular tubes.
Ureters
56
Peristalsis moves ________ to the bladder.
urine
57
The urinary bladder is located immediately behine the ______ _________.
public symphysis
58
The bladder empties to the outside of the body through the _________.
urethra
59
Male: Urethra passes from the anterior base of the bladder through the _______.
penis
60
Female: Urethra opens at the front of the _______.
vagina
61
Normal adults form ___ to ___ L of urine per day.
1.5 - 2
62
The abdominal cavity is lined by a membrane called the _________.
peritoneum
63
The peritoneum also covers organs of the _______.
abdomen
64
The parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the __________ _______.
abdominal cavity
65
The Visceral peritoneum covers the ________.
organs
66
The presence of foreign material (blood, pus, bile, pancreatic juice, amniotic fluid_ can irritate the peritoneum, causing _________.
peritonitis
67
Acute abdomen refers to the sudden onset of ____________ pain.
abdominal
68
Acute abdomen is often associate with severe, progressive problems requiring ________ __________.
medical attention
69
Peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum) typcially causes ________.
ileus
70
_________ is paralysis of the muscular contractions that normally propel material through the intestine.
Illeus
71
Retained gas and feces in the intestine can casue _______ __________.
abdominal distention
72
In the presence of IIleus, the stomach can only empty itself by __________.
vomiting (emesis)
73
Peritonitis is frequently associated with ________ and _______.
Nausea
| vomiting
74
Peritonitis is associated with loss of _____ ______ into the abdominal cavity.
Bodily fluid
75
A patient with peritonitis may present with _____________ and ____________.
tachycardia
| hypotension
76
When peritonitis is accompanie by hemorrgage, look for signs of _________.
shock
77
____________ is the inflammation in small pockets at weak areas in the muscle walls.
Diverticulitis
78
A ________ may be present in diverticulitis or gallbladder inflammation
fever
79
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the _____________.
gallbladder
80
Acute appendicitis, the patient's temperature may be within normal limits until it ________.
ruptures
81
Two different types of _______ supply the peritoneum.
nerves
82
Abdominal pain can have different _________.
qualities
83
The perietal peritoneum is supplied by the same nerves that supply the skin of the _________.
abdomen
84
The ________ peritoneum can perceive pain, touch pressure, heat and cold - can easily identify and localize a point of irritation.
parietal
85
The ___________ peritoneum is supplied by the autonomic nervous system.
visceral
86
The __________ peritoneum nerves are far less able to localize sensation - patients will not be able to describe exactly where the pain is (referred pain).
visceral
87
11 common causes of acute abdomen
```
ulcers
gallstones
pancreatitis
appendicitis
gasrointestinal hemorrhage
esophagitis
esophageal varices
mallory-wise tear
gastroenteritis
diverticulitis
hemorrhoids
```
88
________ are caused when the protective layer of mucus erodes, allowing acid to eat into the organ.
Ulcers
89
3 causes of peptic ulcers are:
Helicobacter pylori infection
chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
alcohol and smoking
90
If ulcers erosion is severe, it can lead to _______ bleeding.
gastric
91
Peptic ulcers affect men and women equally but occur more frequently in the ___________ population.
geriatric
92
Peptic ulcers are described as burning, gnawong pain in the stomach that subsides or diminishes immediately after ________.
eating
93
These are common signs of peptic ulcers.
nausea
vomiting
belching
heartburn
94
True or false:
Some ulcers heal without intervention.
True
95
The __________ is a storage pouch for digestive juices and waste from the liver.
gallbladder
96
______________ may form, and if the blockage does not pass, it can lead to severe inflammation of the gallbladder, called cholecystitis.
Gallstones
97
Cholecystitis is a condition in which the wall of the gallbladder is __________.
inflamed
98
The gallbladder can ________ in severe cases.
rupture
99
______________ presents as a constant, severe pain in the right upper or midabdominal region and may refer to the right upper back, flank, or shoulder area.
Cholecystitis
100
_______________ symptoms may appear 30 minutes after a fatty meal and at night.
Cholecystitis
101
Symptoms for cholecystitis include the following:
```
nausea
vomiting
indigestion
bloating
gas
belching
```
102
People at higher risk for developing cholecystitis include:
```
women
older adults
obese people
people of Scandinavian descent
Native American
Hispanic descent
```
103
___________________ is inflammation of the pancreas.
Pancreatitis
104
_______________is caused by obstructing gallstone, alcohol abuse, and other diseases.
Pancreatitis
105
Severe pain of pancreatitis is located........
upper left and right quadrants - often radiating to the back
106
Signs and syptoms of ____________ are:
nausea
vomiting
abdominal distention
tenderness
107
Pancreatitis may have sepsis or hemorrhage. Look for __________ or ___________.
fever
| tachycardia
108
______________ is inflammation or infection in the appendix.
Appendicitis
109
____________ can cause tissues to die, causing an abscess, peritonitis, or shock.
Appendicitis
110
_____________ pain is initially more generalized, dull, and diffuse and may center in the umbilical area - pain later localized to the right lower quadrant.
Appendicitis
111
Signs and symptoms of appendicitis are:
```
nausea
vomiting
anorexia
fever
chills
rebound tenderness
```
112
What is rebound tenderness?
result of peritoneal irritation
| assessed by pressing down gently and firmly on abdomen (paitent will feel pain when the pressure is released)
113
________________ ______________ is bleeding within the gastrointestinal tract.
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
114
___________ ____________ can be acute (may be short term and more severe) or chronic (longer duration and less severe).
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
115
True or False: all complains of gastrointestinal hemorrhage should be considered serious.
True
116
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage can occur in the _______ or ______ gastrointestinal tract.
upper
| lower
117
Bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract occurs from ___________ to the _________.
esophagus
| upper small intestine
118
Hematemesis is frequently seen in patients with ________ gastrointestinal bleeding.
upper
119
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding occurs between the upper part of the ______ ________ and the ______.
small intestine
| anus
120
__________ _________ often manifests as melena, or dark tarry stools.
Gastrointestinal bleeding
121
_____________ occurs when the lining of the esophagus becomes inflamed by infection or acids from the stomach.
Esophagitis
122
What does GERD stand for?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
123
__________ is a condition in which the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach opens, allowing stomach acid to move up into the esophagus.
Gastroesophageal reflux diesease (GERD)
124
What is another name for acid relux disease?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
125
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause a burning sensation within the chest also known as ________.
heartburn
126
Patient may report pain in swollowing due to _________.
Esophagitis
127
Esophagitis symptoms include:
heartburn
nausea
vomiting
sores in the mouth
128
Esophageal varices occur when the amount of pressure within the blood vessels surrounding the esophagus __________.
increases
129
When blood flow is blocked in the portal vessels, vessels dilate, causing the capillary network of the esophagus to begin ___________.
leaking
130
What is hematemesis?
vomiting blood
131
If pressure continues to build in the blood vessels surrounding the esophagus, the vessel walls may fail, causing massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding and _____________.
hematemesis
132
Initially, esophagitis patient's show signs of ________ disease.
liver
133
Signs of liver disease are:
```
fatigue
weight loss
jaundice
anorexia
edema in the abdomen
abdominal pain
nausea
vomiting
```
134
Esophagitis is a _____________ disease process and can take years before the patient feels discomfort.
gradual
135
A rupture of varices in Esophagitis is far more sudden and can cause:
```
sudden onset of discomfort in throat
severe difficulty swallowing
vomiting of bright red blood
hypotension
signs of shock
```
136
__________-_________ syndrome is a junction tear between the esophagus and the stomach
Mallory-Weiss
137
Mallory-Weiss syndrome causes severe bleeding and possibly _______.
death
138
The primary risk factors of Mallory-Weiss syndrome is _________ and _________.
alcholohism
| eating disorders
139
Mallory-Weiss syndrome is prevalent in ______ adults and _______ children.
older
| older
140
__________ is the principal symptom in Mallory-Weiss syndrome.
Vomiting
141
Extreme cases of Mallyory-Weiss syndrome show signs and symptoms of:
shock
upper abdominal pain
hematemesis
melena
142
___________ is infection combined with diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.
Gastroenteritis
143
Gastroenteritis is caused by _______ or _________ organisms which enter the body through contaminated food and water.
bacterial
| viral
144
Gastroenteritis can be caused by noninfectious conditions such as:
adverse medication reactions
toxin exposure
chemotherapy
145
what are the 2 types of gastroenteritis?
infectious
| noninfectious
146
___________ is the principla symptom in both infectious and noninfectious gastroenteritis.
Diarrhea
147
Gastroenteritis signs and symptoms are:
```
large dumping-type diarrhea or frequent small liquid stools
diarrhea containing blood or pus
abdominal cramping
nausea
vomiting
fever
anorexia
```
148
_____________ was first recognized around 1900 when the amount of processed foods eaten wehre increased.
Diverticulitis
149
With diverticulitis, the consistency of stools became more solid, requiring more intestinal contractions, increasing pressure in the ______.
colon
150
With diverticulitis ________ in the colonic walls result from increased intestinal contractions.
bulges
151
Fecal matter in the colon get caught in bulges, and bacteria gather there, causing ________and ________.
inflammation
| infection
152
Diverticulitis main symptom is _______ _____ and is located where?
abdominal pain
| left side, lower abdomen
153
Signs of diverticulitis are:
```
fever
malaise
body aches
chills
nausea
vomiting
```
154
___________ are created by sweolling and inflammation of blood vessels surrounding the rectum.
Hemorrhoids
155
Hemorrhoids may result from conditions that _______ pressure on the rectum or ittitation of the rectum.
increase
156
___________ may be caused by increased pressure caused by pregnancy, straining at stool, and chronic constipation.
Hemorrhoids
157
With hemorrhoids, _______ can cause irritation.
diarrhea
158
____________ present as bright red blood during defecation with minimal bleeding and is easy to control.
Hemorrhoids
159
With Hemorrhoids, patients may experience ________ and a small ______ on the rectum.
itching
| mass
160
Cystitis is __________ inflammation and is common, especially in women.
bladder
161
Another name for Cystitis is _____ _____ _____.
urinary tract infection (UTI)
162
Cystitis (UTI) is caused by ________ infection.
bacterial
163
Cystitis (UTI) pain is felt in the ______ _____ of the abdomen.
lower quadrant
164
Cystitis (UTI) may report and urgency and frequency in __________.
urination
165
Cystitis (UTI) can become a serious problem if infection spreads to the ________ or ________.
urethra
| kidneys
166
The _________ play a major role in maintaining homeostasis and eliminate waste from the blood.
kidneys
167
When kidneys fail, ______ results.
uremia
168
When uremia results, ________ remains in the blood.
urea (waste products)
169
Kidney ______ can grow over time and cause blockage.
stones
170
Kidney stones are _________ chemicals in the urine.
crystallized
171
Kidney stones can cause a blockage which can lead to _________.
swelling
172
Kidney stone pain is caused by the stone moving through the _______.
ureter
173
What 2 ways are kidney stones removed?
on its own
| surgically
174
Acute kidney failure is.......
sudden decrease in function.
175
Acute kidney failure occurs from:
```
hemorrhage
dehydration
trauma
shock
sepsis
heart failure
medications
drug abuse
kidney stones
```
176
True or False: Acute kidney failure is reversible with prompt diagnosis and treatment.
True
177
This type of kidney failure is irreversible, progressive, develops over months and years, if often caused by diabetes and hypertension, the tissue shrinks and function diminishes, and eventually dialysis or transplant is required to remove waste from the bloodstream.
chronic
178
Symptoms of chronis kidney failure is:
```
altered level of consciousness
seizure
coma
lethargy
nausea
headaches
cramps
edema in the extremities and face
```
179
Femals may have acute abdominal pain in the lower quadrant due to:
overies, fallopian tubes, uterus
180
The _________ lies immediately behind the peritoneum.
aorta
181
What does AAA stand for?
abdominal aortic aneurysm
182
_______ areas can result in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) - which is very difficult to detect. Use extreme caution when trying to access or detect AAA.
Weak
183
Development of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is ______. If it tears or ruptures, massive hemorrhage may occur. Pain is described as tearing. Handle patient gently during assessment and transport.
slow
184
______________, especially in the lower lungs, can cause ileus and abdominal pain.
Pneumonia
185
A ________ is a protrusion of an organ or tissue through a hole or opening into a body cavity where it does not belong.
hernia
186
________ can occur as a result of a congential defect (such as around the umbilicus), a surgical wound that has failed to heal properly, a natural weakness in a area (such as the groin).
hernia
187
True or False: Hernias always produce a noticeable mass or lump.
False
188
______hernias pose little risk and can be pushed back intot he body cavity.
Reducible
189
__________hernias cannot be pushed back in and are compressed by surrounding body tissue.
Incarcerated
190
______________ of an incarcerated hernia is a serious medical emergency because blood supply is compromised by the compressed surrounding tissue.
Strangulation
191
Serious hernia signs and symptoms include:
a formerly reducible mass that is no longer reducible
pain at the hernia site
tenderness when the hernia is palpated
red or blue skin discoloration over the hernia
