Chapter 18 General Senses/Special senses

Question 1

General senses arrive where in the brain

Answer 1

Posterior to the primary central sulcus

Question 2

The simplest receptors are? What do the ph respond to

Answer 2

Free nerve endings.

They respond to a variety of stimuli

Question 3

In which receptive field is it more difficult to localize the stimuli and which is easier to localize the stimuli

Answer 3

Large receptive field = more difficult to localize the stimuli = further apart

Smaller receptive field = more easier to localize the stimuli = closer together

Question 4

List the classification of Receptors

Answer 4

1 Tonic
2 Phasic
3 Combine both

Question 5

Which receptor is always on? Is it slow or fast adapting?

Answer 5

Tonic: always on e.g. Photoreceptors of your eye

It is slow adapting

Question 6

Which receptor is fast adapting? Is it usually on or off

Answer 6

Phasic: usually inactive and fast adapting.

Active only for a short period (a phase) e.g. Touch

Question 7

What is the difference between sensation and perception

Answer 7

Sensation is when the information is taken to the CNS

Perception is when you FEEL/ARE AWARE of the sensation

Question 8

What are the 3 simple receptors?

Answer 8

1 exteroreceptors: provide info from the external environment
2 proprioreceptor: provide info about position
3 interoreceptor: provide info about the inside of the body

Question 9

List the receptors that are classified according to the NATURE OF THE STIMULUS

Answer 9

1 nociceptors
2 thermoreceptors
3 mechanoreceptors
4 chemoreceptors

Question 10

What are the 3 types of nociceptors ? What type of nerve ending receptors?

Answer 10

Extreme temperature
Mechanical
Chemical
It has free nerve ending receptors - so it has a large receptive field

Question 11

What are the 2 different pathways of nociceptors

Answer 11

1 fast pain

2 slow pain

Question 12

What happens in fast pain & slow pain

Answer 12

• fast pain: the sensation goes directly to the CNS and its felt very fast. The painful sensation goes away only after the tissue damage has ended/ when recovered

Question 13

What takes place in slow pain

Answer 13

• It reaches the CNS slowly eg burns.

- the sensation begins later and persists longer than fast pain

Question 14

The same nerve that innervates your left arm will also innervate what

Answer 14

Heart

Question 15

The nerve that innervates the upper right shoulder will also innervate?

Answer 15

The liver and gall bladder

Question 16

What type of receptors are thermoreceptors (ie Phasic, tonic or both) and where are they found

Answer 16

Phasic receptor. Found in specific areas

Question 17

Thermoreceptors comprise cold and warm receptors and can also take pain sensations. T/F

Answer 17

T

Free nerve endings receiving the difference in temperature also takes pain sensation

Question 18

Thermoreceptors have more warm receptors than cold. T/F

Answer 18

F

Thermoreceptors have more cold receptors than warm

Question 19

Mechanoreceptors are sensitive to what?

Answer 19

Sensitive to any type of distortion on the skin as well as joints, organs or muscle. Eg when you stretch the skin, you distort the receptors.

Question 20

List the classification of mechanoreceptors

Answer 20

1 tactile receptors
2 baroreceptors
3 proprioreceptors
4 chemoreceptors

Question 21

The Ruffini corpuscle is what type of receptor?

Answer 21

Tactile receptor located in muscle fibers

Question 22

Which receptor works to control vital functions?

Answer 22

Baroreceptors

Question 23

Which receptor works to monitor blood vessels, as well as digestive and the reproductive systems

Answer 23

Baroreceptors

Question 24

Which receptor monitors change in the stretch of organs

Answer 24

Baroreceptors

Question 25

Which receptor is found in the respiratory centers of the medulla ablongata, carotid arteries and aortic arch.

Answer 25

Chemoreceptors

Question 26

Which receptor monitors the partial pressure of CO2 and pH

Answer 26

Chemoreceptors

Question 27

Name 2 special senses receptors

Answer 27

1 olfactory receptors | 2 taste receptors

Question 28

Where are the olfactory receptors located

Answer 28

Olfactory epithelium

Question 29

Where is the olfactory cilia found

Answer 29

On the olfactory receptor cell

Question 30

When you smell something what is the route that it travels into the brain

Answer 30

OLFACTORY RECEPTORS (detect the smell. They come together to form) ➡️ OLFACTORY NERVE FIBERS ️️ ➡️ which forms the OLFACTORY BULB ➡️ CNS ➡️ CEREBRAL CORTEX ➡️ HYPOTHALAMUS ➡️ LIMBIC SYSTEM

Question 31

The olfactory receptor does not pass through the thalamus. T/F

Answer 31

T

Question 32

What gland secrete mucous in the nose? What olfactory receptor cells?

Answer 32

Olfactory gland | Basal cells replace olfactory receptor cells

Question 33

What are he 3 characteristics for you to actually smell something?

Answer 33

Has to have one of these or all 1 volatile 2 fat soluble 3 water soluble

Question 34

What are taste receptors called

Answer 34

Papillae

Question 35

Name three forms of papillae

Answer 35

1 circumvallate 2 fungiform papillae 3 filiform papillae

Question 36

Which papillae is the biggest

Answer 36

Circumvallate

Question 37

Umami detects what

Answer 37

Detects chicken broth and beef

Question 38

What increases surface area on the gustatory cells

Answer 38

Microvilli

Question 39

Everyone is sensitive to which taste

Answer 39

Bitter

Question 40

What is the gustatory pathway to the brain

Answer 40

``` Tongue ⬇️ Goes through - Glossopharyngeal nerve N9 - Vagus nerve N10 - Facial nerve N7 ⬇️ Nucleus solitarius (don't need to know) ⬇️ Thalamus ⬇️ Gustatory cortex ```

Question 41

The gustatory pathway does not pass through the thalamus T/F

Answer 41

F | The gustatory pathway does path through the thalamus

Question 42

What is considered the external ear

Answer 42

- auricle - external acoustic Mateus - tympanic membrane

Question 43

What is considered the middle ear

Answer 43

The auditory ossicles: 1 malleus 2 incus 3 stapes

Question 44

What is considered the inner ear

Answer 44

Oval window Cochlea Round window Vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 45

What nerve detects sound

Answer 45

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 46

Pathway of how sound travels in the ear

Answer 46

External acoustic meatus ➡️ tympanic membrane (vibrates) ➡️ auditory ossicles moves - the stapes hit the oval window ➡️ sound then circulates through the cochlea (basala membrane is stimulated inside cochlea) ➡️ Vestibulocochlear nerve stimulated

Question 47

Where is the ampullae located and what does it contain

Answer 47

Located at the beginning of the semicircular ducts (an enlargement of the duct). They contain cristae, which contains hair cells.

Question 48

There are 2 types of hair cells in the ear called

Answer 48

Kinocilium | Stereocilia

Question 49

What is responsible for equilibrium

Answer 49

Vestibule

Question 50

What is responsible for hearing

Answer 50

Cochlea

Question 51

In the inner ear, the densely packed calcium carbonate crystals are called

Answer 51

Statoconia

Question 52

What is the otolith comprised of

Answer 52

Statoconia (calcium carbonate crystals) and the gelatinous matrix

Question 53

Where is the otolith located

Answer 53

Macula

Question 54

What is cataracts

Answer 54

Clouding of your lens

Question 55

What is glaucoma

Answer 55

When the Optic nerve damages because of increase in pressure as a result of blockage

Question 56

Hair cells (maculae) contain a gelatinous material on top of them. On top of the gelatinous material are structures called what?

Answer 56

Statoconia

Question 57

The otolith helps do what?

Answer 57

Helps to move the gelatinous material & stimulates the hair cells

Question 58

What are the 2 membranes within the organ of Corti?

Answer 58

Basilar membrane | Tectorial membrane

Question 59

If the basilar membrane is moving from left to right, the tectorial membrane will be moving in what direction. What will happen to the stereocilia and kinocilium?

Answer 59

Tectorial membrane will move from right to left (in the opposite direction) The stereocilia will be stimulating the kinocilium and there will be activation of these receptors

Question 60

What is the auditory sensation pathway of a sound entering the ear

Answer 60

Vestibulochoclear nerve N8 ------ (different steps we don't need to know -------- Thalamus -------Specific areas in the brain

Question 61

What part of the eye is continuous of the sclera

Answer 61

The cornea

Question 62

What contracts and controls the amount of light that goes into the eye

Answer 62

Iris

Question 63

What are the 2 major compartments of the eye

Answer 63

1 Anterior cavity | 2 Posterior cavity

Question 64

The liquid in the anterior cavity is called?

Answer 64

Aqueous humor

Question 65

The liquid in the posterior cavity is called?

Answer 65

Vitreous body (more thick and viscous)

Question 66

The anterior has 2 compartments which are? What are they divided by

Answer 66

1 Posterior chamber 2 Anterior chamber Divided by ciliary body & iris

Question 67

What holds the lens to focus objects or stretches the lens?

Answer 67

Suspensory ligament

Question 68

What is the passage of light through the eye

Answer 68

Cornea ----- Anterior chamber ----- Pupil ----- lens -----Retina----- Optic nerve ----- Occipital lobe (visual cortex located here)

Question 69

What is the optic disc

Answer 69

It's where all the optic nerves merge together at this point. Also known as the blind spot. 0% cones & rods

Question 70

What is the area where you concentrate your cones and there is the highest concentration of cones

Answer 70

Fovea (Helps you see in color)

Question 71

What do rods detect? What do cones detect?

Answer 71

``` Rods = Detect black and white Cones = Detect color ```

Question 72

Aqueous humor is produced by cells of what

Answer 72

cells of the ciliary body.

Question 73

Track to movement of the aqueous humor

Answer 73

Aqueous humor (produced by cells in the ciliary body ---------------- Anterior chamber ------------------Posterior chamber (Through Canal of Shclemm) --------------