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Biology 131 > Chapter 18-Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 18-Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

Heart

A

the cardiovascular system pump

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2
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

The passage of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and back through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium

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3
Q

systemic circuit

A

part of your circulatory system that carries blood away from your heart, delivers it to most of your organs and tissues, and returns it to your heart again.

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4
Q

mediastinum

A

the mass of tissues and organs separating the two pleural sacs, between the sternum in front and the vertebral column behind, containing the heart and its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and other structures and tissues; it is divided into superior and inferior regions, the latter subdivided into anterior, middle, and posterior parts. The heart is located between the lungs within mediastinum.

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5
Q

Pericardium

A

a three-layered covering that surrounds and protects the heart

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6
Q

superficial fibrous pericardium

A

outermost layer, dense connective tissue which anchors heart in mediastinum

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7
Q

serous pericardium

A

deep, two-layer covering that contains the parietal and visceral pericardium

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8
Q

parietal serous pericardium

A

the outer serous membrane underlying the fibrous pericardium

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9
Q

visceral serous pericardium or epicardium

A

is the inner serous membrane that lines the surface of the heart

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10
Q

pericardial cavity

A

friction-reducing fluid-filled (serous fluid) cavity that separates the parietal and visceral pericardium

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11
Q

3 main functions of the pericardium

A
  • protects and anchors the heart
  • prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
  • allows the heart to work in a relatively friction-free environment
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12
Q

heart wall consists of 3 layers:

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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13
Q

epicardium (visceral pericardium)

A

outer layer

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14
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart

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15
Q

endocardium

A

endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface

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16
Q

what is the length, width, thickness, and weight of the heart?

A
  • length: 12 cm
  • width: 9 cm
  • thickness: 6 cm
  • weight: 300 grams
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17
Q

sulci

A

grooves on the surface of the heart

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18
Q

Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove)

A

at the junction of atria and ventricles encircling the heart

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19
Q

Anterior interventricular sulcus

A

shallow groove between left and right ventricles on anterior surface (over septum)

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20
Q

Posterior interventricular sulcus

A

similar landmark but on the posteroinferior surface

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21
Q

vessels that return blood to the heart:

A

Superior and inferior venae cavae and right and left pulmonary veins

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22
Q

vessels that bring blood away from the heart

A

pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta

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23
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

splits into right and left pulmonary arteries

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24
Q

ascending aorta

A

branches into brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and subclavian arteries

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25
Arteries – right and left coronary (in atrioventricular groove)
- right marginal - circumflex - anterior interventricular artery - Posterior interventricular artery
26
right marginal
serves myocardium of lateral right side of heart
27
circumflex (left)
serves left atrium and posterior walls of left ventricle
28
anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending)
serves interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles
29
posterior interventricular artery
serves apex and posterior ventricular walls (merges with anterior IVA)
30
apex
is inferior and formed by left ventricle
31
base
superior/posterior portion formed by the atria; points to right shoulder
32
how much of the heart is left of midline?
2/3
33
veins:
- coronary sinus - small cardiac vein - anterior cardiac vein - great cardiac vein
34
coronary sinus
empties blood into right atrium
35
small cardiac vein
heart's right inferior margin
36
anterior cardiac vein
directly into right atrium
37
great cardiac vein
anterior interventricular sulcus
38
atria
the receiving chambers of the heart
39
each atrium has protruding...
auricle
40
pectinate muscles (combed)
they mark the atrial walls
41
Blood enters right atria from 3 veins:
- superior venae cavae - inferior venae cavae - coronary sinus
42
superior venae cavae
drains body superior to diaphragm
43
inferior venae cavae
drains body inferior form diaphragm
44
coronary sinus
drains myocardium
45
blood enters atria from 4....
pulmonary veins (drains lungs)
46
ventricles
the discharging chambers of the heart
47
Papillary muscles and trabeculae carneae muscles
mark ventricular walls and prevent atrioventricular valves from everting
48
pulmonary trunk
right ventricles pump blood into it
49
Left ventricle pumps blood into the...
aorta
50
diagram slide 11
fossa ovalis, pectinate muscles, tricuspid valve, chordae tendineae, trabeculae carneae, mitral (bicuspid) valve, papillary muscle, interventricular septum
51
heart valves
heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart
52
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
lie between the atria and the ventricles; prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract
53
Tricuspid valve
Right side
54
Mitral Valve (bicuspid)
left side
55
Chordae tendineae
anchor AV valves to papillary muscles
56
Semilunar valves
prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles
57
Aortic semilunar valve
lies between the left ventricle and the aorta
58
Pulmonary semilunar valve
lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
59
diagram slide 13
aortic valve, pulmonary valve
60
atrioventricular valve function:
1. Blood returning to the heart fills atria, pressing against the AV valves. The increased pressure forces the AV valves to open. 2. As ventricles fill, AV valve flaps hang limply into ventricles. 3. Atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricles. a) AV valves open; atrial pressure greater than ventricular pressure 1. Ventricles contract, forcing blood against AV valve cusps 2. AV valves close 3. Papillary muscles contract and chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria b) AV valves closed; atrial pressure less than ventricular pressure
61
Semilunar valve function:
As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open. a) Semilunar valves open As ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close b) Semilunar valves closed
62
microscopic anatomy of heart muscle
cardiac muscle has one or two nuclei, is striated, and branched
63
intercalated disks
anchor cardiac cells together via desmosomes and allow free passage of ions via gap junctions
64
heart muscle behaves as a functional syncytium
this is a single coordinated unit (gap junctions electrically couple cardiac cells)
65
cardiac muscle contraction:
heart muscle: -is stimulated by nerves and is self-excitable (autorythmic) -contracts as a unit (either all cardiac muscle cells contract together or no contraction) -has a long (250 ms) absolute refractory period cardiac muscle contraction is similar to skeletal muscle contraction
66
Heart physiology: Cardiac muscle action potential
-Phases of action potential in cardiac muscle is different than in a neuron -three phases to action potentials in cardiac muscle cells: depolarization, plateau phase, and repolarization
67
Depolarization
is due to Na+ influx through fast voltage-gated Na+ channels. A positive feedback cycle rapidly opens many Na+ channels, reversing the membrane potential. Channel inactivation ends this phase.
68
plateau phase
is due to Ca2+ influx through slow Ca2+ channels. This keeps the cell depolarized because few K+ channels are open.
69
repolarization
is due to Ca2+ channels inactivating and K+ channels opening. This allows K+ efflux, which brings the membrane potential back to its resting voltage.
70
Intrinsic cardiac conduction system
cardiac muscle depolarization is independent of nervous system - can initiate action potentials on their own - nervous input does modify the rate - resting membrane potential in cardiac muscle cell is -90mV - have unstable resting potentials called pacemaker potentials generated from pacemaker cells (autorhytmic cells) - -can depolarize spontaneously - use calcium influx (rather than sodium used in nerves) for rising phase of the action potential
71
1. pacemaker potential
this slow depolarization is due to both opening of Na+ channels and closing of K+ channels. Notice that the membrane potential is never a flat line.
72
2. depolarization
the action potential begins when the pacemaker potential reaches threshold. Depolarization is due to Ca2+ influx through Ca2+ channels.
73
3. Repolarization
is due to Ca2+ channels inactivating and K+ channels opening. This allows K+ efflux, which brings the membrane potential back to its most negative voltage.
74
sinoatrial (SA) node
generates impulses about 75 times/minute

Biology 131 (1 decks)

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