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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 18 - Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 18 - Heart Flashcards

1
Q

the heart

beats and pumping

A
  • Beats approx 100,000 times/day

- Pumping about 8000 L of blood/day

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2
Q

when you get old

A

first thing that happens is the heart

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3
Q

if heart is on the right side of body

A

you will die

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4
Q

the pressure near the chest is

A

the highest. the lower you get (legs), the lower it gets.

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5
Q

heart is inside a sack called

A

pericardium, has fluid.

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6
Q

Ligamentum arteriosum

A

keeps aorta and pulmonary artery together

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7
Q

everything that is returning is a

A

vein and everything that is leaving is an artery

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8
Q

Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)

A
  • covers surface of the heart

- covered by pericardium

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9
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

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10
Q

endocardium

A

Covers inner surfaces of heart

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11
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

Tricuspid and mitral valves

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12
Q

semilunar valves

A
  • Pulmonary and aortic valves

- Prevent backflow of blood into ventricles

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13
Q

compared to the left ventricle, the right ventricle

A

Holds and pumps the same amount of blood
Has thinner walls bc it is the systemic circulation
Develops less pressure
Is more pouch-shaped than round

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14
Q

low blood pressure in old people

A

swollen feet. heart not pumping hard enough

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15
Q

we are using all our brains, but

A

we are never using all our heart capacity

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16
Q

if theres high blood pressure, the first place it is going to effect is the

A

is the coronary arteries

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17
Q

coronary circulation

A

Supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart

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18
Q

Coronary ischemia

A

blood doesn’t reach a tissue and the coronary arteries get blocked and the cells die

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19
Q

when coronary arteries are blocked, what do doctors do?

A

put in a stent

bypass. take arteries from other places

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20
Q

coronary artery disease

A

clot/plaque narrows pathway and reduces blood flow

  • common cause of MI
  • coronary thrombosis
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21
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack

A
  • Part of coronary circulation becomes blocked
  • Cardiac muscle cells die from lack of oxygen
  • Infarct- Death of affected tissue creates a nonfunctional area
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22
Q

heart is only tissue that

A

uses anything as source of fuel

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23
Q

how to not get heart problems

A
  • Stop smoking
  • Treat high blood pressure
  • Adjust diet to lower cholesterol and promote weight loss
  • Reduce stress - cortisol affects heart
  • Increase physical activity - heart becomes stronger
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24
Q

propranolol

A

block sympathetic stimulation

block norepinephrine

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25
Q

nitroglycerine

A

cause vasodilation

reduce blood pressure

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26
Q

calcium ion channel blockers

A
  • Block calcium ion movement into muscle cells

- Relieve pain and help dissolve clots (in MI)

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27
Q

Pacemaker cells found in

A
  • Sinoatrial (SA) node—in wall of right atrium

- Atrioventricular (AV) node—at junction between atria and ventricles

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28
Q

Conducting cells found in

A
  • Internodal pathways of atria

- Atrioventricular (AV) bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers of ventricles

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29
Q

what do you need to depolarize a cell?

A

electricity. need Na channels.

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30
Q

Pacemaker potential

A

-Gradual depolarization of pacemaker cells
-Do not have a stable resting membrane potential
Rate of spontaneous depolarization
-SA node: 60–100 action potentials per minute
-AV node: 40–60 action potentials per minute
Parasympathetic stimulation slows heart rate

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31
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

pass electricity to the myocardium

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32
Q

impulse conduction through heart

A
  1. SA node activity and atrial activation begin
  2. Stimulus spreads across atria and reaches AV node
  3. Impulse is delayed for 100 msec at AV node
    Atrial contraction begins
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33
Q

P wave

A

SA node fires, atria depolarization

34
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization

Complex shape of spike due to different thickness and shape of the two ventricles

35
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization and relaxation

36
Q

Bradycardia—

A

abnormally slow heart rate

37
Q

Tachycardia—

A

abnormally fast heart rate

38
Q

Ectopic pacemaker

wire that goes to your SA node

A

Abnormal cells generate high rate of APs
Bypasses conducting system
Disrupts timing of ventricular contractions

39
Q

Q wave

A

beginning of ventricular depolarization

40
Q

P-R interval

A

conduction through AV node and AV bundle

41
Q

membranes of adjacent junctions are

A
  • Held together by desmosomes

- Linked by gap junctions

42
Q

characteristics of cardiac contractile cells

A

1 central nucleus
Branching interconnections between cells
Intercalated discs

43
Q

Action potential in cardiac contractile cells

A
  1. Rapid depolarization
    Massive influx of Na+ through fast sodium channels.
  2. Plateau
    Extracellular Ca2+ enters cytosol through slow calcium channels. depolarization
  3. Repolarization
    K+ rushes out of cell through slow potassium channels
44
Q

ACTH will

A

depolarize (voltage dependent channels) in the membrane and releases ca in cytoplasm

45
Q 
Ca 2+
Ca 2+
Na
K
HCN channels
A 
L type
T type
fast 
slow
slow
46
Q

Refractory period

A

Absolute refractory period (200 msec)

Relative refractory period (50 msec)

47
Q

Action potential in a ventricular contractile cell

A
  • 250–300 msec
  • 30x longer than that in skeletal muscle fiber
  • Prevents summation and tetany
48
Q

in the heart it is a

A

slow climbing of contraction and relaxation

49
Q

energy for cardiac contractions

A

Aerobic energy

  • From mitochondrial breakdown of fatty acids and glucose
  • Cardiac contractile cells store oxygen in myoglobin
50
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  • From start of one heartbeat to beginning of next

- alternating periods of contraction and relaxation

51
Q

systole

A

contraction

52
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

53
Q

blood pressure in each chamber

A

Rises during systole

Falls during diastole

54
Q

Blood flows from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure

A
  • Controlled by timing of contractions

- Directed by one-way valves

55
Q

cardiac cycle and heart rate

when heart rate increases?

A

-Cardiac cycle lasts about 800 msec
When heart rate increases
-All phases of cardiac cycle shorten, particularly diastole

56
Q

phases of cardiac cycle

A
  1. start a atrial systole
    blood is entering both atrials and ventricles. systemic-unoxygenated, right atria, right ventricle, enters lungs, gets oxygenated (arteries). pulmonary veins into left atria and left ventricle into systemic circulation
57
Q

two main things that fills ventricles w blood?

A
  • atria systole

- passive –> vacuum

58
Q

first its atrial systole then

A 
Atrial systole ends
Atrial diastole begins
-Ventricles contain maximum blood volume (called end-diastolic volume (EDV))
Ventricles contract and build pressure
-Closing AV valves
-Producing isovolumetric contraction
59
Q

ventricular systole phase

ventricular diastole-early

A

Ventricular systole phase
-Ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure and opens semilunar valves, allowing blood to exit
Ventricular diastole-early
-Semilunar valves close as ventricular pressure falls
-Ventricles contain end-systolic volume (ESV)
-About 40% of end-diastolic volume

60
Q

when the ventricles are filling that means

A

they are not contracting, they are relaxing

61
Q

3 things that affect heart conditions

A
  1. males have bigger hearts
  2. age
  3. hormonal
62
Q

after ventricular diastole-early is

Ventricular diastole- late

A

​Isovolumetric relaxation
-All heart valves are closed
-Ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure (Blood cannot flow into ventricles)
AV valves open; ventricles fill passively
-Atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure

63
Q

what can lead to heart failure?

A

ventricular damage

Individuals can survive severe atrial damage

64
Q

cardiac output CO

A

Volume pumped by left ventricle in one minute

CO (mL/min) = HR (beats/min) × SV (mL/beat)

65
Q

your heart pumps how many L per min?

A

5 liters. during exercise, 25-35 liters.

66
Q

factors that affect heart rate?

A
  1. autonomic innervation

2. hormones (epinephrine and thyroxine)

67
Q

factors that affect stroke volume?

A
  1. end diastolic volume

2. end systolic volume

68
Q

Autonomic innervation

A
  • Cardioacceleratory center-controls sympathetic neurons that increase heart rate
  • Cardioinhibitory center-controls parasympathetic neurons that slow heart rate
69
Q

cardiac reflexes

A

Cardiac centers

  • Monitor blood pressure (baroreceptors)
  • Monitor arterial O and CO2 levels (chemoreceptors)
70
Q

Autonomic tone

A

-Fine adjustments meet needs of body

71
Q

Effects on pacemaker cells of SA node

ACh

NE

A 
Membrane potentials of pacemaker cells
Are closer to threshold than those of cardiac contractile cells
ACh released by parasympathetic neurons
Decreases heart rate
NE released by sympathetic neurons
Increases heart rate
72
Q

venous return

A

Amount of blood returning to heart through veins
-Stretch receptors in right atrium
Trigger increase in HR by stimulating sympathetic activity

73
Q

HR increased by 3 factors

A

Epinephrine (E)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Thyroid hormone (T3)

74
Q

Two factors affect EDV

A

Filling time
-Duration of ventricular diastole
Venous return

75
Q

preload

A

Degree of ventricular stretching during ventricular diastole
Directly proportional to EDV
Affects ability of muscle cells to produce tension

76
Q

frank starling

A

when edv increases, SV increases

77
Q

afterload

A

Tension produced by ventricle to open semilunar valve and eject blood

78
Q

increase in contractility is a

A

decrease in ESV

79
Q

cardiac reserve

A

difference bw resting and maximal cardiac outputs

80
Q

ejection fraction

A

SV/EDV

81
Q

venous return controls

A

EDV, SV, CO

82
Q

veins hold most of

A

blood. app. 70%

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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